Today the world is facing an increasingly worrying environmental crisis, which involves climate change, biodiversity losses and resources over-exploitation and depletion. In this context there is growing interest in human behaviors, indeed, those play a crucial role in determining environmental outcomes, from consumption, mobility and energy use choices, while technological innovation alone will not be able to deliver a totally sustainable future. Despite increased awareness of people towards sustainability topics, a gap between individual intentions and their actions still exist and often fails to act accordingly to their pro-environmental attitudes. Traditional psychological models and frameworks provide limited insights into the implicit, cognitive and emotional mechanisms that shape sustainable decision-making. Advancement in neuroscientific research could instead provide tools for identifying and explaining these hidden processes. By measuring brain activity during environmental decision-making tasks, for example, researchers can reveal how emotions, reward, and moral reasoning shape behaviors, which are not determined by conscious reflection only. To do this, useful tools such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) could be used to extract data. These data could be then used to provide useful insights for norms and interventions development. This thesis aims to systematically review current literature about the topic of neuroscientific studies applied to sustainable decision-making and pro-environmental behaviors, review the neural mechanism and patterns identified and validated in previous studies, and highlight limitations and future directions of this research topic. Forty articles have been selected for this analysis, and many neural mechanisms are repeated over these studies. This provides the basis for understanding the frameworks behind behaviors and decision-making processes which involve many complex mechanisms such as the reward system, temporal discounting, self-control, and emotions. Even if great progresses have been made in recent years, current studies remain fragmented across disciplines and methods, indicating the need for standardization. Most samples analyzed are small, but also culturally and ethnically homogeneous. Tasks frequently employ abstract laboratory stimuli that do not translate into real world behaviors, and the results are difficult to implement into structured interventions.
Oggi il mondo si trova ad affrontare una crisi ambientale sempre più preoccupante, che coinvolge cambiamenti climatici, perdita di biodiversità, oltre che sfruttamento eccessivo e impoverimento delle risorse naturali. In questo contesto, dato che da sola l'innovazione tecnologica non sarà in grado di garantire un futuro perfettamente sostenibile, cresce l'interesse per il comportamento umano. Infatti, le scelte di consumo, mobilità e utilizzo dell'energia svolgono tutte un ruolo cruciale nel determinare il futuro dell’ambiente e del pianeta. Nonostante la crescente consapevolezza delle persone verso il tema della sostenibilità, esiste ancora un divario tra le intenzioni delle stesse e le loro azioni effettive, portandole ad agire in modo incoerente rispetto ai propri intenti pro-ambiente. I modelli psicologici tradizionali forniscono spunti limitati sui meccanismi impliciti ed emotivi che plasmano il processo decisionale volto alla sostenibilità. I progressi nella ricerca neuroscientifica potrebbero invece fornire strumenti utili per identificare e spiegare questi processi nascosti. I ricercatori, misurando l'attività cerebrale durante compiti decisionali, legati a scelte che abbiano un impatto sull’ambiente, possono rivelare come le emozioni, i sistemi di ricompensa e il ragionamento morale modellano tali comportamenti, i quali non sono determinati solo da riflessioni coscienti e razionali. A tal fine, strumenti come la risonanza magnetica funzionale (fMRI) e l'elettroencefalografia (EEG) potrebbero essere utilizzati per estrarre dati validati empiricamente. Questi dati potrebbero quindi essere tradotti in spunti e indicazioni utili per lo sviluppo di norme e interventi per l’ambiente. Questa tesi mira ad analizzare sistematicamente la letteratura attualmente esistente sul tema degli studi neuroscientifici applicati ai comportamenti pro-ambientali. È inoltre volta a identificare i meccanismi e i pattern neurali fino ad ora validati, cercando di comprendere i limiti attuali e le direzioni future di questo argomento di ricerca. Per questa analisi sono stati selezionati quaranta articoli all’interno dei quali molti meccanismi neurali vengono ripresi molteplici volte in maniera coerente. Ciò fornisce le fondamenta per comprendere la struttura alla base dei comportamenti e dei processi decisionali, i quali coinvolgono meccanismi complessi come il sistema di ricompensa, l’attualizzazione temporale, l'autocontrollo e l’impatto delle emozioni. Nonostante i grandi progressi compiuti negli ultimi anni, gli studi attuali rimangono frammentati tra discipline e metodi, il che indica la necessità di standardizzazione. La maggior parte dei campioni analizzati negli studi sono numericamente limitati, oltre che culturalmente ed etnicamente omogenei. Spesso i compiti utilizzati sfruttano stimoli di laboratorio astratti che non si traducono direttamente in comportamenti reali, portando ad avere risultati difficilmente traducibili in interventi strutturati.
Neurocognitive mechanisms of pro-environmental behaviours: a scoping review of the neurosustainability literature
MARIANI, LORENZO
2024/2025
Abstract
Today the world is facing an increasingly worrying environmental crisis, which involves climate change, biodiversity losses and resources over-exploitation and depletion. In this context there is growing interest in human behaviors, indeed, those play a crucial role in determining environmental outcomes, from consumption, mobility and energy use choices, while technological innovation alone will not be able to deliver a totally sustainable future. Despite increased awareness of people towards sustainability topics, a gap between individual intentions and their actions still exist and often fails to act accordingly to their pro-environmental attitudes. Traditional psychological models and frameworks provide limited insights into the implicit, cognitive and emotional mechanisms that shape sustainable decision-making. Advancement in neuroscientific research could instead provide tools for identifying and explaining these hidden processes. By measuring brain activity during environmental decision-making tasks, for example, researchers can reveal how emotions, reward, and moral reasoning shape behaviors, which are not determined by conscious reflection only. To do this, useful tools such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) could be used to extract data. These data could be then used to provide useful insights for norms and interventions development. This thesis aims to systematically review current literature about the topic of neuroscientific studies applied to sustainable decision-making and pro-environmental behaviors, review the neural mechanism and patterns identified and validated in previous studies, and highlight limitations and future directions of this research topic. Forty articles have been selected for this analysis, and many neural mechanisms are repeated over these studies. This provides the basis for understanding the frameworks behind behaviors and decision-making processes which involve many complex mechanisms such as the reward system, temporal discounting, self-control, and emotions. Even if great progresses have been made in recent years, current studies remain fragmented across disciplines and methods, indicating the need for standardization. Most samples analyzed are small, but also culturally and ethnically homogeneous. Tasks frequently employ abstract laboratory stimuli that do not translate into real world behaviors, and the results are difficult to implement into structured interventions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Pro-Environmental Behaviours: A Scoping Review of the Neurosustainability Literature
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250583