The global transition toward inverter-based resources is driving a progressive reduction in power system inertia, jeopardizing frequency stability. While Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) equipped with Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) strategies offer a solution, they are fundamentally constrained by the rigid limits of power electronics. Conventional implementations frequently overlook these constraints, potentially resulting in inverter saturation or disconnection during critical frequency events when the BESS operates near its rated capacity. This thesis addresses this reliability gap by introducing a coordinated inertia supervision logic integrated within a Power Plant Controller (PPC). The proposed method continuously estimates the available active power of parallel inverter units and adjusts synthetic inertia provision to ensure operation remains within the Safe Operating Area (SOA). Additionally, the logic coordinates active power dispatch among parallel units to prevent unequal loading and saturation. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is assessed using time-domain simulations in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, beginning with a simplified Single-Machine model and advancing to a modified IEEE 9-Bus network. The simulation results indicate that, whereas standard approaches do not maintain stability during critical frequency disturbances (such as -1.0 Hz/s RoCoF), the proposed supervision logic effectively limits the inertial response to the available headroom. This capability guarantees that the BESS can provide continuous grid support under severe stress conditions.
La transizione globale verso risorse basate su inverter sta guidando una progressiva riduzione dell'inerzia del sistema elettrico, compromettendo la stabilità della frequenza. Sebbene i sistemi di accumulo a batteria (BESS) equipaggiati con strategie di Macchina Sincrona Virtuale (VSM) offrano una soluzione, essi sono fondamentalmente vincolati dai rigidi limiti dell'elettronica di potenza. Le implementazioni convenzionali trascurano frequentemente questi vincoli, portando potenzialmente alla saturazione o alla disconnessione dell'inverter durante eventi critici di frequenza, qualora il BESS operi vicino alla sua capacità nominale. Questa tesi affronta tale lacuna di affidabilità introducendo una logica di supervisione coordinata dell'inerzia integrata all'interno di un Controllore di Impianto (PPC). Il metodo proposto stima continuamente la potenza attiva disponibile delle unità inverter in parallelo e adatta la fornitura di inerzia sintetica per garantire che il funzionamento rimanga all'interno della Safe Operating Area (SOA). Inoltre, la logica coordina il dispacciamento della potenza attiva tra le unità in parallelo per prevenire sbilanciamenti di carico e saturazione. L'efficacia della strategia proposta è valutata mediante simulazioni nel dominio del tempo in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, iniziando con un modello semplificato a singola macchina e passando a una rete IEEE 9-Bus modificata. I risultati indicano che, mentre gli approcci standard non mantengono la stabilità durante disturbi critici di frequenza (come un RoCoF di -1.0 Hz/s), la logica di supervisione proposta limita efficacemente la risposta inerziale al margine disponibile. Questa capacità garantisce che il BESS possa fornire un supporto di rete continuo in condizioni di severo stress.
Coordinated inertia supervision for grid-forming BESS: a headroom aware approach
HAKOUK, BAVLY ATEF ABDELNOUR WAHIB
2025/2026
Abstract
The global transition toward inverter-based resources is driving a progressive reduction in power system inertia, jeopardizing frequency stability. While Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) equipped with Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) strategies offer a solution, they are fundamentally constrained by the rigid limits of power electronics. Conventional implementations frequently overlook these constraints, potentially resulting in inverter saturation or disconnection during critical frequency events when the BESS operates near its rated capacity. This thesis addresses this reliability gap by introducing a coordinated inertia supervision logic integrated within a Power Plant Controller (PPC). The proposed method continuously estimates the available active power of parallel inverter units and adjusts synthetic inertia provision to ensure operation remains within the Safe Operating Area (SOA). Additionally, the logic coordinates active power dispatch among parallel units to prevent unequal loading and saturation. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is assessed using time-domain simulations in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, beginning with a simplified Single-Machine model and advancing to a modified IEEE 9-Bus network. The simulation results indicate that, whereas standard approaches do not maintain stability during critical frequency disturbances (such as -1.0 Hz/s RoCoF), the proposed supervision logic effectively limits the inertial response to the available headroom. This capability guarantees that the BESS can provide continuous grid support under severe stress conditions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Hakouk_Thesis_01.pdf
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Descrizione: Thesis Report
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2026_03_Hakouk_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary of the Thesis
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1.88 MB
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1.88 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250623