Wastewater treatment technologies have been developed primarily to reduce organic carbon contamination for both sanitary and environmental reasons. Activated sludge processes represent the most widely adopted approach, relying on aerobic biological activity to remove biodegradable organic matter, with concomitant biomass production and CO2 formation. In conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems, continuous aeration is required to maintain aerobic conditions, making aeration one of the main contributors to both operational energy consumption and costs. In response to the growing focus on energy efficiency and sustainability, several alternative aerobic treatment processes have been proposed to reduce aeration demand, including high-rate activated sludge (HRAS), contact stabilization (CS), and high-rate contact stabilization (HiCS). In particular, HiCS aims to shift the carbon mass balance toward sludge production rather than mineralization to CO2, enabling subsequent anaerobic digestion for methane recovery and thereby improving the overall energy balance of wastewater treatment. The first part of this thesis provides an overview of activated sludge–based technologies conceptually related to the HiCS process. This is followed by the presentation of experimental results obtained from a lab-scale HiCS reactor, with the objective of reproducing the most promising literature findings in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) redirection. In the final part of the thesis, the experimental outcomes are directly compared with corresponding literature results, showing only partial agreement and discussing the operational and experimental factors that may have contributed to these discrepancies. Experimentally, COD redirection to sludge did not exceed 17% under the tested operating conditions, with observed biomass yields ranging from 0.465 to 0.684 gVSS/gCOD, substantially lower than values reported in previous HiCS studies.
Le tecnologie di trattamento delle acque reflue sono state sviluppate principalmente per ridurre la contaminazione da carbonio organico, sia per ragioni sanitarie che ambientali. I trattamenti a fanghi attivi rappresentano l’approccio più adottato, che fa affidamento su attività biologica aerobica per rimuovere materia organica biodegradabile, con concomitante produzione di biomassa e formazione di CO2. Nei trattamenti a fanghi attivi convenzionali (CAS), un’areazione continua è necessaria per mantenere condizioni aerobiche, rendendo l’areazione uno dei principali contributori sia del consumo energetico operativo che dei costi. In risposta al crescente focus su efficienza e sostenibilità, sono stati proposti diversi trattamenti aerobici alternativi per ridurre la domanda di aerazione, fra cui high-rate activated sludge (HRAS), contact stabilization (CS), e high-rate contact stabilization (HiCS). In particolare, l’HiCS mira a spostare il bilancio di massa del carbonio verso la produzione di fango piuttosto che verso la mineralizzazione a CO2, abilitando una successiva digestione anaerobica per il recupero di metano e migliorando quindi complessivamente il bilancio energetico del trattamento delle acque reflue. La prima parte della tesi fornisce una panoramica delle tecnologie a fanghi attivi concettualmente correlate al processo HiCS. Segue la presentazione dei risultati sperimentali ottenuti da un reattore HiCS in scala di laboratorio, con l’obiettivo di riprodurre i più promettenti risultati riportati in letteratura in termini di ridirezione della Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Nella parte finale della tesi, i risultati sperimentali vengono confrontati direttamente con quelli della letteratura di riferimento, mostrando solo una parziale concordanza e discutendo i fattori operativi e sperimentali che possono aver contribuito a tali discrepanze. Sperimentalmente, la ridirezione del COD verso il fango non ha superato il 17% nelle condizioni operative testate, con la resa osservata della biomassa compresa tra 0,465 e 0,684 gVSS/gCOD, valori significativamente inferiori a quelli riportati in precedenti studi su reattori HiCS.
Development of a high-rate contact stabilization (HiCS) system and comparison with literature outcomes
BASCHIROTTO, LORENZO
2024/2025
Abstract
Wastewater treatment technologies have been developed primarily to reduce organic carbon contamination for both sanitary and environmental reasons. Activated sludge processes represent the most widely adopted approach, relying on aerobic biological activity to remove biodegradable organic matter, with concomitant biomass production and CO2 formation. In conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems, continuous aeration is required to maintain aerobic conditions, making aeration one of the main contributors to both operational energy consumption and costs. In response to the growing focus on energy efficiency and sustainability, several alternative aerobic treatment processes have been proposed to reduce aeration demand, including high-rate activated sludge (HRAS), contact stabilization (CS), and high-rate contact stabilization (HiCS). In particular, HiCS aims to shift the carbon mass balance toward sludge production rather than mineralization to CO2, enabling subsequent anaerobic digestion for methane recovery and thereby improving the overall energy balance of wastewater treatment. The first part of this thesis provides an overview of activated sludge–based technologies conceptually related to the HiCS process. This is followed by the presentation of experimental results obtained from a lab-scale HiCS reactor, with the objective of reproducing the most promising literature findings in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) redirection. In the final part of the thesis, the experimental outcomes are directly compared with corresponding literature results, showing only partial agreement and discussing the operational and experimental factors that may have contributed to these discrepancies. Experimentally, COD redirection to sludge did not exceed 17% under the tested operating conditions, with observed biomass yields ranging from 0.465 to 0.684 gVSS/gCOD, substantially lower than values reported in previous HiCS studies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250743