Bispidines, also known as 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes, are rigid heterocyclic compounds composed of two fused piperidine rings. Their unique ability to adopt specific conformations allows them to orient functional groups with high precision, making them privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Beyond their established roles in catalysis and metal coordination, bispidine derivatives are increasingly investigated for their potential antimicrobial properties. Guanidines, on the other hand, are nitrogen-rich organic moieties and key functional groups in the side chain of the amino acid arginine. Due to their high basicity, they are protonated at physiological pH, allowing them to form strong non-covalent interactions with anionic biological targets. This cationic nature mimics the mechanism of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), disrupting bacterial membranes and offering a strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly against ESKAPE pathogens. Following preliminary results, this study focuses on the design and synthesis of novel bispidine derivatives conjugated with the amino acid arginine to combine the structural rigidity of the bispidinic scaffold with the potential antimicrobial activity of the guanidine group present in arginine. A multi-step synthetic pathway is developed, including the synthesis of already known derivatives and novel reaction intermediates including arginine-coupled bispidines. Future research steps will include expanding the library of compounds, testing the synthesized derivatives in cytotoxicity assays on both HeLa and HUVEC cells, and in antimicrobial tests on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains to assess their efficacy.
Le bispidine, note anche come 3,7-diazabiciclo[3.3.1]nonani, sono composti eterociclici rigidi costituiti da due anelli piperidinici condensati. La loro capacità unica di adottare conformazioni specifiche permette di orientare i gruppi funzionali con elevata precisione, rendendole degli scaffold privilegiati nella chimica farmaceutica. Oltre ai loro ruoli consolidati nella catalisi e nella coordinazione dei metalli, i derivati bispidinici sono sempre più studiati per le loro potenziali proprietà antimicrobiche. Le guanidine, d'altra parte, sono gruppi organici ricchi di azoto e rappresentano i gruppi funzionali chiave nella catena laterale dell'amminoacido arginina. A causa della loro elevata basicità, esse risultano protonate a pH fisiologico, permettendo la formazione di forti interazioni non covalenti con target biologici anionici. Questa natura cationica mima il meccanismo dei peptidi antimicrobici (AMP), distruggendo le membrane batteriche e offrendo una strategia per combattere la resistenza antimicrobica (AMR), in particolare contro i patogeni ESKAPE. Questo studio, a seguito di risultati preliminary, si è concentrato sul design e sulla sintesi di nuovi derivati bispidinici coniugati con l'amminoacido arginina, al fine di combinare la rigidità strutturale dello scaffold bispidinico con la potenziale attività antimicrobica del gruppo guanidinico presente nell'arginina. È stato sviluppato un percorso sintetico multi-step, che comprende la sintesi di derivati già noti e di nuovi intermedi di reazione, tra cui bispidine accoppiate all'arginina. Le prove future includono l'ampliamento della libreria di composti e l'impiego di questi derivati in test di citotossicità su cellule HeLa e HUVEC, nonché in test antimicrobici su ceppi batterici sia Gram-positivi che Gram-negativi per confermarne l'efficacia.
Design and synthesis of novel guanidine-decorated bispidinic structures as antimicrobial agents
AKBAL, GÜLMAVI
2025/2026
Abstract
Bispidines, also known as 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes, are rigid heterocyclic compounds composed of two fused piperidine rings. Their unique ability to adopt specific conformations allows them to orient functional groups with high precision, making them privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Beyond their established roles in catalysis and metal coordination, bispidine derivatives are increasingly investigated for their potential antimicrobial properties. Guanidines, on the other hand, are nitrogen-rich organic moieties and key functional groups in the side chain of the amino acid arginine. Due to their high basicity, they are protonated at physiological pH, allowing them to form strong non-covalent interactions with anionic biological targets. This cationic nature mimics the mechanism of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), disrupting bacterial membranes and offering a strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly against ESKAPE pathogens. Following preliminary results, this study focuses on the design and synthesis of novel bispidine derivatives conjugated with the amino acid arginine to combine the structural rigidity of the bispidinic scaffold with the potential antimicrobial activity of the guanidine group present in arginine. A multi-step synthetic pathway is developed, including the synthesis of already known derivatives and novel reaction intermediates including arginine-coupled bispidines. Future research steps will include expanding the library of compounds, testing the synthesized derivatives in cytotoxicity assays on both HeLa and HUVEC cells, and in antimicrobial tests on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains to assess their efficacy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250940