In the current energy landscape, high reliability and wide operating flexibility of turbomachinery are essential, demanding for accurate design capable of predicting dynamic response in both steady-state and transient regimes, with particular focus on instability phenomena. This research improves stability, reliability, and compactness of power-generation rotating machinery by combining advanced rotordynamic modelling, nonlinear dynamics, and innovative bearing cooling. The research focused on three main topics: axial sub-synchronous vibrations (SSV) related to double-sided oillubricated tilting pad thrust bearings, radial rotordynamic stability of a high-speed Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) micro-turbine, and internally cooled tilting pad journal bearings (TPJBs) using bioinspired architectures and metal additive manufacturing. A concise overview of the topics under consideration is provided below. Axial SSV is a rare but critical phenomenon that limits the operating conditions of rotating machines through sudden, large-amplitude, low-frequency axial vibrations. The topic is discussed in the literature, yet no clear root cause has been identified. Experimental analysis suggests that the behaviour is more consistent with a resonance condition rather than an instability issue. To study the phenomenon, a nonlinear model for machine axial dynamics has been developed. The model included oil-film thrustbearing forces and coupling interactions between radial and axial vibration modes. Thanks to experimental data, the model was tuned to reproduce steady-state dynamic solutions, bifurcations, amplitude jumps and transient responses under varying operating conditions. The results supported the interpretation of axial SSV as a nonlinear resonance governed by oil-film stiffness and the developed model provided a compact framework for prediction and mitigation of the phenomenon. Radial stability was addressed for an innovative radial-inflow ORC turbine, a compact high-speed power unit where, seal forces and fluid-structure interaction significantly affected stability margins. A finite-element rotordynamic model was developed, including rolling bearings, a squeeze film damper, a pocket gas seal with CFD-derived dynamic coefficients, and cross-coupled aerodynamic forces. The analysis showed that no critical speeds were present in the operating speeds range and stability margins were sufficiently high for a safe machine operation. Finally, thermal limitations of TPJBs for high-power-density applications were addressed by proposing internally cooled pads with gyroid lattice infill. The proposed innovative design enhanced heat extraction while preserving mechanical integrity. To optimize the infill geometry, several gyroid-filled specimens were benchmarked via steady-state CFD analysis and experimental test, guaranteeing a fine tuning and good printability of the internal geometry. Then the full prototype of internally-cooled TPJB concept was developed. Performance analysis was done through fluid-dynamics and structural analysis and confirmed by experimental tests, while CT-scans confirmed the accurate manufacturing of the protype. The results showed that the proposed solution can significantly reduce oil-film temperatures, enabling higher bearing speed and load or lower lubricant flow. This analysis supports more compact and efficient designs for next-generation turbomachinery.
Nel contesto energetico attuale, l’elevata affidabilità e l’ampia flessibilità operativa delle turbomacchine sono requisiti fondamentali. Ciò richiede una progettazione accurata, capace di prevedere la risposta dinamica sia in regime stazionario sia in condizioni transitorie, con particolare attenzione ai fenomeni di instabilità. Questa ricerca mira a migliorare stabilità, affidabilità e compattezza delle macchine rotanti per la generazione di potenza, combinando modellazione rotordinamica avanzata, dinamica non lineare e soluzioni innovative di raffreddamento dei cuscinetti. Il lavoro si è articolato su tre temi principali: vibrazioni assiali sub-sincrone (SSV) associate a cuscinetti reggispinta a pattini oscillanti lubrificati a olio su doppio lato, stabilità rotordinamica radiale di una micro-turbina ad alta velocità per ciclo Organic Rankine Cycle, e sviluppo di cuscinetti radiali a pattini oscillanti (TPJB) con raffreddamento interno basati su architetture bioispirate e additive manufacturing metallico. Di seguito si riporta una sintesi dei principali risultati. Le SSV assiali rappresentano un fenomeno raro ma critico, che limita le condizioni operative delle macchine rotanti attraverso vibrazioni assiali improvvise, di grande ampiezza e bassa frequenza. Sebbene il tema sia presente in letteratura, non è stata individuata una causa primaria univoca. Le evidenze sperimentali suggeriscono un comportamento più coerente con una condizione di risonanza non lineare piuttosto che con un’instabilità classica. Per analizzare il fenomeno è stato sviluppato un modello non lineare della dinamica assiale della macchina, comprensivo delle forze generate dal film d’olio del cuscinetto reggispinta e delle interazioni di accoppiamento tra modi radiali e assiali. Il modello è stato calibrato su dati sperimentali, riproducendo soluzioni dinamiche in regime stazionario, biforcazioni, salti di ampiezza e risposte transitorie al variare delle condizioni operative. I risultati supportano l’interpretazione delle SSV assiali come risonanza non lineare governata dalla rigidezza del film d’olio e forniscono uno strumento compatto per la previsione e mitigazione del fenomeno. La stabilità radiale è stata studiata per una turbina ORC innovativa a flusso radiale centripeto, unità compatta ad alta velocità nella quale le forze di tenuta e l’interazione fluido-struttura influenzano in modo significativo i margini di stabilità. È stato sviluppato un modello rotordinamico agli elementi finiti, comprendente cuscinetti volventi, uno squeeze film damper, una tenuta a gas con tasca caratterizzata da coefficienti dinamici derivati da CFD e forze aerodinamiche cross-coupled. L’analisi ha evidenziato l’assenza di velocità critiche nel campo di esercizio e margini di stabilità adeguati a garantire un funzionamento sicuro della macchina. Infine, sono state affrontate le limitazioni termiche dei TPJB in applicazioni ad alta densità di potenza, proponendo pattini con raffreddamento interno e riempimento a reticolo gyroidale. La soluzione sviluppata migliora l’estrazione di calore preservando l’integrità meccanica. L’ottimizzazione della geometria interna è stata condotta tramite analisi CFD in regime stazionario e prove sperimentali su provini con infill gyroidale, garantendo una messa a punto accurata e una buona stampabilità. È stato quindi realizzato il prototipo completo di TPJB raffreddato internamente. Le prestazioni sono state valutate mediante analisi fluidodinamiche e strutturali, validate sperimentalmente, mentre scansioni CT hanno confermato la corretta realizzazione del prototipo. I risultati mostrano una riduzione significativa della temperatura del film d’olio, consentendo maggiori velocità e carichi o, in alternativa, una riduzione della portata di lubrificante. L’analisi supporta lo sviluppo di turbomacchine di nuova generazione più compatte ed efficienti.
Dynamic behavior of the rotating machinery for power generation in steady state and transient conditions
DASSI, LUDOVICO
2025/2026
Abstract
In the current energy landscape, high reliability and wide operating flexibility of turbomachinery are essential, demanding for accurate design capable of predicting dynamic response in both steady-state and transient regimes, with particular focus on instability phenomena. This research improves stability, reliability, and compactness of power-generation rotating machinery by combining advanced rotordynamic modelling, nonlinear dynamics, and innovative bearing cooling. The research focused on three main topics: axial sub-synchronous vibrations (SSV) related to double-sided oillubricated tilting pad thrust bearings, radial rotordynamic stability of a high-speed Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) micro-turbine, and internally cooled tilting pad journal bearings (TPJBs) using bioinspired architectures and metal additive manufacturing. A concise overview of the topics under consideration is provided below. Axial SSV is a rare but critical phenomenon that limits the operating conditions of rotating machines through sudden, large-amplitude, low-frequency axial vibrations. The topic is discussed in the literature, yet no clear root cause has been identified. Experimental analysis suggests that the behaviour is more consistent with a resonance condition rather than an instability issue. To study the phenomenon, a nonlinear model for machine axial dynamics has been developed. The model included oil-film thrustbearing forces and coupling interactions between radial and axial vibration modes. Thanks to experimental data, the model was tuned to reproduce steady-state dynamic solutions, bifurcations, amplitude jumps and transient responses under varying operating conditions. The results supported the interpretation of axial SSV as a nonlinear resonance governed by oil-film stiffness and the developed model provided a compact framework for prediction and mitigation of the phenomenon. Radial stability was addressed for an innovative radial-inflow ORC turbine, a compact high-speed power unit where, seal forces and fluid-structure interaction significantly affected stability margins. A finite-element rotordynamic model was developed, including rolling bearings, a squeeze film damper, a pocket gas seal with CFD-derived dynamic coefficients, and cross-coupled aerodynamic forces. The analysis showed that no critical speeds were present in the operating speeds range and stability margins were sufficiently high for a safe machine operation. Finally, thermal limitations of TPJBs for high-power-density applications were addressed by proposing internally cooled pads with gyroid lattice infill. The proposed innovative design enhanced heat extraction while preserving mechanical integrity. To optimize the infill geometry, several gyroid-filled specimens were benchmarked via steady-state CFD analysis and experimental test, guaranteeing a fine tuning and good printability of the internal geometry. Then the full prototype of internally-cooled TPJB concept was developed. Performance analysis was done through fluid-dynamics and structural analysis and confirmed by experimental tests, while CT-scans confirmed the accurate manufacturing of the protype. The results showed that the proposed solution can significantly reduce oil-film temperatures, enabling higher bearing speed and load or lower lubricant flow. This analysis supports more compact and efficient designs for next-generation turbomachinery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250980