Over the past two decades, the architecture of corporate lending, particularly within leveraged credit markets, has undergone a profound transformation. Traditional bank-originated credit, particularly broadly syndicated loan and high-yield bond markets, now coexists with an expanding private credit ecosystem. The thesis explores how private credit enables strategic investment behaviors by large U.S. publicly listed alternative asset managers, expanding the strategic opportunity set available to these institutions. In particular, private credit structures frequently facilitate investment configurations that blur the traditional boundary between debt and equity, allowing alternative asset managers to combine credit exposure with equity-like features, governance influence, and value-creation mechanisms that extend beyond conventional lending. To empirically investigate these dynamics, the author constructed an original database comprising more than 150 transactions, involving Apollo Global Management, Blackstone, Carlyle, and KKR. The core analytical contribution of the thesis is developed through four detailed case studies, which form the basis of a classification framework for hybrid debt-equity strategies enabled by private credit. The framework distinguishes between ex-ante hybridization mechanisms, including instrument-level hybridization (where equity-like features are embedded within debt instruments, such as perpetual bonds) and deal-level hybridization (where non-hybrid or plain-vanilla debt and equity instruments are structurally combined within the same transaction, resulting in a hybrid investment structure), and ex-post hybridization dynamics, such as in-court and out-of-court loan-to-own strategies. These cases illustrate how private credit arrangements can embed strategic equity-like optionality from the outset (ex-ante) or evolve into hybrid positions over time (ex-post), particularly in contexts of financial distress, restructuring, or complex capital formation. To strengthen the robustness of the analysis, the thesis complements the case studies with an aggregate examination of additional transactions exhibiting similar structural characteristics.
Negli ultimi due decenni, l’architettura del finanziamento alle imprese, in particolare nei mercati del credito leveraged, ha subito una trasformazione profonda. Il credito tradizionalmente originato dalle banche, in particolare nei mercati dei prestiti sindacati e delle obbligazioni ad alto rendimento, oggi coesiste con un ecosistema di credito privato in rapida espansione. La tesi analizza come il credito privato consenta comportamenti di investimento strategici da parte dei principali gestori alternativi statunitensi quotati, ampliando il ventaglio di opportunità strategiche a loro disposizione. In particolare, le strutture di credito privato facilitano frequentemente configurazioni di investimento che sfumano il confine tradizionale tra debito e capitale proprio, permettendo ai gestori alternativi di combinare esposizioni creditizie con caratteristiche simili all’equity, influenza sulla governance e meccanismi di creazione di valore che vanno oltre il finanziamento tradizionale. Per investigare empiricamente tali dinamiche, l’autore ha costruito un database originale comprendente oltre 150 transazioni, che coinvolgono Apollo Global Management, Blackstone, Carlyle e KKR. Il contributo analitico principale della tesi è sviluppato attraverso quattro studi di caso dettagliati, che costituiscono la base di un modello di classificazione delle strategie ibride debito–equity abilitate dal credito privato. Il modello distingue tra meccanismi di ibridazione ex-ante, inclusa l’ibridazione a livello di strumento (in cui caratteristiche simili all’equity sono incorporate all’interno degli strumenti di debito, come nel caso delle obbligazioni perpetue) e l’ibridazione a livello di operazione (in cui strumenti di debito ed equity non ibridi o standard sono strutturalmente combinati all’interno della medesima transazione, dando luogo a una struttura di investimento ibrida), e dinamiche di ibridazione ex-post, quali le strategie di acquisizione tramite debito, sia in contesti giudiziali sia stragiudiziali. Questi casi illustrano come gli accordi di credito privato possano incorporare opzionalità simili all’equity fin dall’origine oppure evolvere nel tempo verso posizioni ibride, in particolare in contesti di difficoltà finanziaria, ristrutturazione o complessa formazione del capitale. Per rafforzare la robustezza dell’analisi, la tesi integra gli studi di caso con un esame aggregato di ulteriori transazioni che presentano caratteristiche strutturali analoghe.
The blurring line between debt and equity: the expansion of private credit and the rise of hybrid strategies in alternative asset management
ANDREOLI, ALESSANDRO
2024/2025
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the architecture of corporate lending, particularly within leveraged credit markets, has undergone a profound transformation. Traditional bank-originated credit, particularly broadly syndicated loan and high-yield bond markets, now coexists with an expanding private credit ecosystem. The thesis explores how private credit enables strategic investment behaviors by large U.S. publicly listed alternative asset managers, expanding the strategic opportunity set available to these institutions. In particular, private credit structures frequently facilitate investment configurations that blur the traditional boundary between debt and equity, allowing alternative asset managers to combine credit exposure with equity-like features, governance influence, and value-creation mechanisms that extend beyond conventional lending. To empirically investigate these dynamics, the author constructed an original database comprising more than 150 transactions, involving Apollo Global Management, Blackstone, Carlyle, and KKR. The core analytical contribution of the thesis is developed through four detailed case studies, which form the basis of a classification framework for hybrid debt-equity strategies enabled by private credit. The framework distinguishes between ex-ante hybridization mechanisms, including instrument-level hybridization (where equity-like features are embedded within debt instruments, such as perpetual bonds) and deal-level hybridization (where non-hybrid or plain-vanilla debt and equity instruments are structurally combined within the same transaction, resulting in a hybrid investment structure), and ex-post hybridization dynamics, such as in-court and out-of-court loan-to-own strategies. These cases illustrate how private credit arrangements can embed strategic equity-like optionality from the outset (ex-ante) or evolve into hybrid positions over time (ex-post), particularly in contexts of financial distress, restructuring, or complex capital formation. To strengthen the robustness of the analysis, the thesis complements the case studies with an aggregate examination of additional transactions exhibiting similar structural characteristics.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Andreoli_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251060