Dirac operators with singular potentials have recently attracted increasing attention, as they provide effective models for high-tech materials like graphene. In this context, the thesis mainly investigates the spectral features of two-dimensional Dirac operators perturbed with delta-shell interactions supported on curves in two specific case studies, namely, a straight line and a circle of given radius. The rigorous treatment of singular potentials is not trivial. For this reason, we began by studying how they are handled in the literature, collecting the main available results. In particular, it is known that, in a certain critical regime, an extra point appears in the mass-gap of the spectrum and that this point belongs to the essential spectrum. For the case of the straight line, it was known that it is an infinitely degenerate eigenvalue, but not much was said about the associated eigenfunctions. As far as the model with the circle is concerned, not even the nature of the critical point was understood. For the case of the straight line, we get a precise characterization of the degeneracy of the eigenfunctions, study their decay at infinity and compute the expectation values and variance of the velocity, spin and position observables. The configuration with a circle turns out to be even more interesting: we prove that the critical point is not itself an eigenvalue, but rather an accumulation point of a double sequence of simple eigenvalues. We also provide the asymptotics of the sequences of eigenvalues and it is shown that the corresponding eigenstates concentrate on the circle, where the potential lives. Also in this second case, we compute the expectation values of the velocity and spin operators. Finally, a peculiar symmetry of the spectrum of two-dimensional Dirac operators with singular potentials on general smooth closed simple curves is discussed. The main novelties of this work are collected in the manuscript available on arXiv at the following link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.23053.
Gli operatori di Dirac con potenziali singolari hanno attirato crescente attenzione recentemente, poiché forniscono modelli efficaci per materiali high-tech come il grafene. In questo contesto, la tesi studia principalmente le proprietà spettrali di operatori di Dirac bidimensionali perturbati con interazioni a delta supportate su curve in due casi studio specifici, vale a dire una retta ed una circonferenza di raggio assegnato. Il trattamento rigoroso dei potenziali singolari non è banale. Per questa ragione, siamo partiti con lo studiare come essi vengono trattati nella letteratura, raccogliendo i principali risultati disponibili. In particolare, è noto che, in un certo regime critico, compare un punto addizionale nel buco dello spettro dovuto alla massa e che tale punto appartiene allo spettro essenziale. Nel caso della retta, era noto che esso è un autovalore infinitamente degenere, ma poco è stato detto riguardo alle autofunzioni associate. Per quanto riguarda il modello con la circonferenza, nemmeno la natura del punto critico era stata compresa. Nel caso della retta, otteniamo una caratterizzazione precisa della degenerazione delle autofunzioni, ne analizziamo il decadimento all’infinito e calcoliamo i valori di aspettazione e le varianze delle osservabili velocità, spin e posizione. La configurazione con la circonferenza si rivela ancora più interessante: mostriamo che il punto critico non è lui stesso un autovalore, bensì un punto di accumulazione di una doppia successione di autovalori semplici. Viene inoltre fornita un'espansione asintotica delle successioni di autovalori e dimostriamo che i corrispondenti autostati si concentrano sulla circonferenza, dove vive il potenziale. Anche in questo secondo caso, calcoliamo i valori di aspettazione degli operatori velocità e spin. Infine, discutiamo una peculiare simmetria dello spettro di operatori di Dirac bidimensionali con potenziali singolari su generiche curve regolari chiuse semplici. Le principali novità di questo lavoro sono raccolte nel manoscritto disponibile su arXiv al seguente link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.23053.
Unexpected spectral features of two-dimensional Dirac operators with delta-shell interactions
Carimati, Pietro
2024/2025
Abstract
Dirac operators with singular potentials have recently attracted increasing attention, as they provide effective models for high-tech materials like graphene. In this context, the thesis mainly investigates the spectral features of two-dimensional Dirac operators perturbed with delta-shell interactions supported on curves in two specific case studies, namely, a straight line and a circle of given radius. The rigorous treatment of singular potentials is not trivial. For this reason, we began by studying how they are handled in the literature, collecting the main available results. In particular, it is known that, in a certain critical regime, an extra point appears in the mass-gap of the spectrum and that this point belongs to the essential spectrum. For the case of the straight line, it was known that it is an infinitely degenerate eigenvalue, but not much was said about the associated eigenfunctions. As far as the model with the circle is concerned, not even the nature of the critical point was understood. For the case of the straight line, we get a precise characterization of the degeneracy of the eigenfunctions, study their decay at infinity and compute the expectation values and variance of the velocity, spin and position observables. The configuration with a circle turns out to be even more interesting: we prove that the critical point is not itself an eigenvalue, but rather an accumulation point of a double sequence of simple eigenvalues. We also provide the asymptotics of the sequences of eigenvalues and it is shown that the corresponding eigenstates concentrate on the circle, where the potential lives. Also in this second case, we compute the expectation values of the velocity and spin operators. Finally, a peculiar symmetry of the spectrum of two-dimensional Dirac operators with singular potentials on general smooth closed simple curves is discussed. The main novelties of this work are collected in the manuscript available on arXiv at the following link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.23053.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Carimati_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251118