From previous existing processes, the extraction and representation of spatial data have often contributed to reinforcing existing inequalities and spatial injustices among citizens in urban environments. Despite the proliferation of measurements, thanks to smart city technologies and urban data platforms, there remains a considerable gap in how urban injustice is measured and visualised. The indicators, in general, are not capturing the multifaceted nature of urban inequality, as they analyse certain aspects of reality without considering a subjective dimension. This research identifies a critical research gap: the disconnection between objective data and the cognitive biases that influence the interpretation of these results. Moreover, in the investigation field of this thesis, the focus is on how representations enhance understanding through their design choices. These design choices are key to providing municipalities with the perfect frame to clarify reality. Either the colour or the interactivy have an impact on the definition of new political decisions, if targeted to the correct segment of society. To address these challenges, the present master's thesis develops the Urban Inequality Indicator (UII), a composite index specifically designed to identify spatial patterns of inequality across the 88 Nuclei di Identità Locale (NIL) in Milan. The methodology followed here introduces a novel approach by leveraging collected subjective bias into the indicator’s design, achieved through citizen surveys. In addition, a comparative analysis was performed between arithmetic and geometric aggregation methods. The results indicated that a geometric model more precisely prevents the potential critical deprivation caused by large differences in values. With this method, the compensability between dimensions is prevented. The main findings of the research indicate that urban injustice should not be considered as a static metric, but rather as a mutable variable within age cohorts. The statistical analysis carried out shows disparities between demographic groups. Moreover, by applying spatial autocorrelation techniques, specifically Local Moran’s I, it was possible to identify clusters of inequalities. In conclusion, the thesis demonstrates, with data and an extensive literature background, that by addresing cognitive bias representations based on this data supports inclusive and focused decisions. The final outcome, the Urban Inequality Indicator (UII), is proposed as a tool for municipalities to use to consequently reshape the cities led by real citizens’ opinions. Is yet to become the new standard to alleviate inequalities.
Nei processi esistenti in passato, l'estrazione e la rappresentazione dei dati spaziali hanno spesso contribuito a rafforzare le disuguaglianze esistenti e le ingiustizie spaziali tra i cittadini negli ambienti urbani. Nonostante la proliferazione delle misurazioni, grazie alle tecnologie delle città intelligenti e alle piattaforme di dati urbani, rimane un divario considerevole nel modo in cui viene misurata e visualizzata l'ingiustizia urbana. Gli indicatori, in generale, non catturano la natura multiforme della disuguaglianza urbana, poiché analizzano alcuni aspetti della realtà senza considerare una dimensione soggettiva. Questa ricerca identifica una lacuna critica nella ricerca: la disconnessione tra i dati oggettivi e i pregiudizi cognitivi che influenzano l'interpretazione di questi risultati. Inoltre, nel campo di indagine di questa tesi, l'attenzione si concentra su come le rappresentazioni migliorano la comprensione attraverso le loro scelte di progettazione. Queste scelte di progettazione sono fondamentali per fornire ai comuni il quadro perfetto per chiarire la realtà. Sia il colore che l'interattività hanno un impatto sulla definizione di nuove decisioni politiche, se mirate al segmento corretto della società. Per affrontare queste sfide, la presente tesi di laurea magistrale sviluppa l'Urban Inequality Indicator (UII), un indice composito specificamente progettato per identificare i modelli spaziali di disuguaglianza negli 88 Nuclei di Identità Locale (NIL) di Milano. La metodologia seguita introduce un approccio innovativo che sfrutta i pregiudizi soggettivi raccolti nella progettazione dell'indicatore, ottenuti attraverso sondaggi tra i cittadini. Inoltre, è stata effettuata un'analisi comparativa tra i metodi di aggregazione aritmetica e geometrica. I risultati hanno indicato che un modello geometrico previene in modo più preciso la potenziale deprivazione critica causata da grandi differenze di valori. Con questo metodo, si evita la compensabilità tra le dimensioni. I principali risultati della ricerca indicano che l'ingiustizia urbana non dovrebbe essere considerata come una metrica statica, ma piuttosto come una variabile mutevole all'interno delle coorti di età. L'analisi statistica effettuata mostra disparità tra i gruppi demografici. Inoltre, applicando tecniche di autocorrelazione spaziale, in particolare l'indice di Moran locale, è stato possibile identificare cluster di disuguaglianze. In conclusione, la tesi dimostra, con dati e un ampio background bibliografico, che affrontare le rappresentazioni dei pregiudizi cognitivi sulla base di questi dati supporta decisioni inclusive e mirate. Il risultato finale, l'Indicatore di Disuguaglianza Urbana (UII), viene proposto come strumento che i comuni possono utilizzare per rimodellare le città sulla base delle opinioni reali dei cittadini. Deve ancora diventare il nuovo standard per alleviare le disuguaglianze.
Methodological design for an Urban Inequality Indicator (UII) based on subjective bias
Cantera Macías, Adrián
2025/2026
Abstract
From previous existing processes, the extraction and representation of spatial data have often contributed to reinforcing existing inequalities and spatial injustices among citizens in urban environments. Despite the proliferation of measurements, thanks to smart city technologies and urban data platforms, there remains a considerable gap in how urban injustice is measured and visualised. The indicators, in general, are not capturing the multifaceted nature of urban inequality, as they analyse certain aspects of reality without considering a subjective dimension. This research identifies a critical research gap: the disconnection between objective data and the cognitive biases that influence the interpretation of these results. Moreover, in the investigation field of this thesis, the focus is on how representations enhance understanding through their design choices. These design choices are key to providing municipalities with the perfect frame to clarify reality. Either the colour or the interactivy have an impact on the definition of new political decisions, if targeted to the correct segment of society. To address these challenges, the present master's thesis develops the Urban Inequality Indicator (UII), a composite index specifically designed to identify spatial patterns of inequality across the 88 Nuclei di Identità Locale (NIL) in Milan. The methodology followed here introduces a novel approach by leveraging collected subjective bias into the indicator’s design, achieved through citizen surveys. In addition, a comparative analysis was performed between arithmetic and geometric aggregation methods. The results indicated that a geometric model more precisely prevents the potential critical deprivation caused by large differences in values. With this method, the compensability between dimensions is prevented. The main findings of the research indicate that urban injustice should not be considered as a static metric, but rather as a mutable variable within age cohorts. The statistical analysis carried out shows disparities between demographic groups. Moreover, by applying spatial autocorrelation techniques, specifically Local Moran’s I, it was possible to identify clusters of inequalities. In conclusion, the thesis demonstrates, with data and an extensive literature background, that by addresing cognitive bias representations based on this data supports inclusive and focused decisions. The final outcome, the Urban Inequality Indicator (UII), is proposed as a tool for municipalities to use to consequently reshape the cities led by real citizens’ opinions. Is yet to become the new standard to alleviate inequalities.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Cantera.pdf
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2026_03_Cantera_executive summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251140