This thesis examines how merger and acquisition (M&A) activity contributes to the reconfiguration of service capabilities among the major global advertising and marketing holding groups, commonly referred to as the “Big Six”. Operating within a professional and knowledge-intensive service environment, these firms face increasing competitive pressure, technological disruption, and growing client demand for integrated, data-enabled service offerings. Adopting a capability-based and process-oriented perspective, the study conceptualises M&A as a strategic mechanism through which firms progressively reshape their internal capability portfolios in response to structural industry-level pressures. The empirical analysis draws on an original dataset of acquisitions undertaken by the Big Six and applies the Service Map to examine how acquired capabilities are distributed, combined, and integrated across Creative Services, Media & Distribution, and Data & Technology domains. The findings show that acquisition activity is strongly capability-oriented rather than opportunistic, with a pronounced concentration in Data and Technology-related capabilities. Creative Services remain strategically relevant through increasing integration with data-driven and technology-enabled service architectures, while fully integrated marketing capabilities are rarely acquired outright. Instead, capability integration emerges cumulatively through sequences of specialised and hybrid acquisitions. In addition, substantial heterogeneity is observed across holding groups, reflecting differentiated pathways of capability integration under shared competitive constraints. Overall, the study contributes to a process-oriented understanding of M&A in professional service firms by highlighting acquisition activity as a central mechanism of strategic adaptation in response to increasing service complexity and structural industry change.
Questa tesi esamina come le attività di fusione e acquisizione (M&A) contribuiscono alla riorganizzazione delle capacità di servizio tra i principali gruppi globali di pubblicità e marketing, comunemente definiti come i "Big Six". Operando in un ambiente di servizio professionale e ad alta intensità di conoscenza, queste aziende affrontano crescenti pressioni competitive, interruzioni tecnologiche e una domanda clienti sempre più elevata per offerte di servizio integrate e abilitate dai dati. Adottando una prospettiva basata sulle capacità e orientata ai processi, lo studio concepisce le fusioni e acquisizioni come un meccanismo strategico attraverso il quale le aziende ridisegnano gradualmente il proprio portafoglio di capacità interne in risposta alle pressioni strutturali a livello industriale. L'analisi empirica si avvale di un dataset originale delle acquisizioni effettuate dai Big Six e applica la Service Map per esaminare come le capacità acquisite siano distribuite, combinate e integrate nei domini dei Servizi Creativi, dei Media e della Distribuzione, nonché dei Dati e della Tecnologia. I risultati mostrano che le attività di acquisizione sono fortemente orientate alle capacità piuttosto che opportunistiche, con una marcata concentrazione su capacità legate ai dati e alla tecnologia. I Servizi Creativi rimangono strategicamente rilevanti attraverso un'integrazione crescente con architetture di servizio basate sui dati e abilitate dalla tecnologia, mentre le capacità di marketing completamente integrate sono raramente acquisite direttamente. Al contrario, l'integrazione delle capacità emerge cumulativamente attraverso sequenze di acquisizioni specializzate e ibride. Inoltre, è stata osservata una notevole eterogeneità tra i gruppi di partecipazioni, riflettendo percorsi differenziati di integrazione delle capacità sotto vincoli competitivi condivisi. Nel complesso, lo studio contribuisce a una comprensione orientata al processo delle fusioni e acquisizioni nelle imprese di servizi professionali, evidenziando l'attività di acquisizione come meccanismo centrale di adattamento strategico in risposta alla crescente complessità dei servizi e ai cambiamenti strutturali del settore.
Mergers and acquisitions and service capability reconfiguration in the Big Six Advertising and marketing holding groups
GENG, WENHAO
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines how merger and acquisition (M&A) activity contributes to the reconfiguration of service capabilities among the major global advertising and marketing holding groups, commonly referred to as the “Big Six”. Operating within a professional and knowledge-intensive service environment, these firms face increasing competitive pressure, technological disruption, and growing client demand for integrated, data-enabled service offerings. Adopting a capability-based and process-oriented perspective, the study conceptualises M&A as a strategic mechanism through which firms progressively reshape their internal capability portfolios in response to structural industry-level pressures. The empirical analysis draws on an original dataset of acquisitions undertaken by the Big Six and applies the Service Map to examine how acquired capabilities are distributed, combined, and integrated across Creative Services, Media & Distribution, and Data & Technology domains. The findings show that acquisition activity is strongly capability-oriented rather than opportunistic, with a pronounced concentration in Data and Technology-related capabilities. Creative Services remain strategically relevant through increasing integration with data-driven and technology-enabled service architectures, while fully integrated marketing capabilities are rarely acquired outright. Instead, capability integration emerges cumulatively through sequences of specialised and hybrid acquisitions. In addition, substantial heterogeneity is observed across holding groups, reflecting differentiated pathways of capability integration under shared competitive constraints. Overall, the study contributes to a process-oriented understanding of M&A in professional service firms by highlighting acquisition activity as a central mechanism of strategic adaptation in response to increasing service complexity and structural industry change.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251182