Repurchase agreements (repos) and securities lending and borrowing (SLB), though often under-recognised outside specialised circles, are foundational instruments of modern market-based finance. By allowing securities and cash to be exchanged against collateral under agreed contractual terms, they provide secured liquidity, support settlement and market-making activity, and enable the efficient allocation of balance sheet and collateral across the financial system. In this sense, securities finance acts as a “circulatory system” for wholesale markets: it mobilises assets without requiring outright purchases or sales and facilitates the transfer of funding and securities when and where they are needed. This thesis develops a structured overview of securities finance with a particular focus on the European market. The first part is dedicated to physical securities finance, starting from the mechanics of repo and SLB transactions and the main contractual and operational choices that shape them. Particular attention is given to market structure and the role of key agents and infrastructures, including custodians, tri-party agents, central securities depositories and central counterparties, as well as to the regulatory and documentation layers that underpin the market in Europe. The second part extends the analysis to synthetic securities finance, focusing on instruments such as total return swaps and related structures that replicate the economic exposure of physical financing without the same settlement and operational mechanics. The discussion emphasises why these instruments have gained relevance in recent years, how their use differs across market participants, and how their development interacts with European market practice and regulatory constraints. Finally, the thesis develops a quantitative perspective by analysing valuation and pricing. Physical and synthetic instruments are studied through coherent pricing frameworks, showing how their market value and daily P&L are constructed from contractual cash flows and from the evolution of relevant market variables. This pricing focus provides the link between the institutional description of securities finance markets and the practical computation of value, risk, and profitability in trading and risk management.
I pronti contro termine (repo) e le operazioni di prestito titoli (Securities Lending and Borrowing, SLB), sebbene spesso poco considerati al di fuori di alcune nicchie, costituiscono strumenti fondamentali della finanza moderna. Attraverso lo scambio temporaneo di titoli e di liquidità a fronte di collaterale, essi forniscono liquidità garantita, sostengono il buon funzionamento dei processi di regolamento e dell’attività di market making. In questo senso, il mondo securities finance può essere interpretato come un vero e proprio “sistema circolatorio” dei mercati wholesale: mobilita attivi senza richiedere compravendite definitive e facilita il trasferimento di liquidità e titoli dove e quando necessario. La presente tesi sviluppa un’analisi strutturata dell’universo securities finance, con particolare attenzione al mercato europeo. La prima parte è dedicata alla cosiddetta Physical securities finance , a partire dalla descrizione delle meccaniche operative dei repo e delle operazioni di SLB e delle principali scelte contrattuali e operative. Viene posta particolare attenzione alla struttura di mercato e al ruolo dei principali operatori e delle infrastrutture rilevanti, tra cui depositari, agenti tri-party, depositari centrali di titoli e controparti centrali, nonché ai livelli regolamentari e documentali che sostengono il funzionamento del mercato in Europa. La seconda parte estende l’analisi verso la Synthetic securities finance , concentrandosi su strumenti quali i total return swap e strutture affini, che replicano l’esposizione economica delle operazioni fisiche. La discussione evidenzia poi le ragioni della crescente rilevanza di tali strumenti negli ultimi anni, come essi sono regolamentati e quali sono gli attori coinvolti. Infine, la tesi sviluppa una prospettiva quantitativa attraverso il pricing e la valuation di questi prodotti. Gli strumenti fisici e sintetici vengono esaminati mediante framework di pricing coerenti, mostrando come vengano calcolati effettivamente il valore di mercato e il PL. L’attenzione al pricing fornisce così il collegamento tra la descrizione istituzionale dei mercati della securities finance e il calcolo operativo di valore, rischio e redditività nelle attività di trading e di gestione del rischio.
Securities finance landscape
CAZZARO, DAVIDE MARIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Repurchase agreements (repos) and securities lending and borrowing (SLB), though often under-recognised outside specialised circles, are foundational instruments of modern market-based finance. By allowing securities and cash to be exchanged against collateral under agreed contractual terms, they provide secured liquidity, support settlement and market-making activity, and enable the efficient allocation of balance sheet and collateral across the financial system. In this sense, securities finance acts as a “circulatory system” for wholesale markets: it mobilises assets without requiring outright purchases or sales and facilitates the transfer of funding and securities when and where they are needed. This thesis develops a structured overview of securities finance with a particular focus on the European market. The first part is dedicated to physical securities finance, starting from the mechanics of repo and SLB transactions and the main contractual and operational choices that shape them. Particular attention is given to market structure and the role of key agents and infrastructures, including custodians, tri-party agents, central securities depositories and central counterparties, as well as to the regulatory and documentation layers that underpin the market in Europe. The second part extends the analysis to synthetic securities finance, focusing on instruments such as total return swaps and related structures that replicate the economic exposure of physical financing without the same settlement and operational mechanics. The discussion emphasises why these instruments have gained relevance in recent years, how their use differs across market participants, and how their development interacts with European market practice and regulatory constraints. Finally, the thesis develops a quantitative perspective by analysing valuation and pricing. Physical and synthetic instruments are studied through coherent pricing frameworks, showing how their market value and daily P&L are constructed from contractual cash flows and from the evolution of relevant market variables. This pricing focus provides the link between the institutional description of securities finance markets and the practical computation of value, risk, and profitability in trading and risk management.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251218