This thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of novel fluorinated cationic polymers designed as multifunctional non-viral vectors for gene and drug delivery. The main objective is to develop safe and efficient systems capable of overcoming biological barriers while integrating imaging functionality through fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI). In this framework, the influence of polymer structural modifications on cellular internalization is investigated. The first part of the work addresses the design and synthesis of a fluorinated and guanidinylated linker, incorporating three key features: guanidinium group to enhance nucleic acid complexation and membrane interactions, trifluoromethyl (CF₃) moiety to improve stability and enable 19F MRI tracing, and electrophilic carbon carbon double bond for conjugation via Michael addition. A structurally related linker previously reported in the literature, characterized by a terminal double bond and higher reactivity, was selected for subsequent functionalization studies. Both linkers were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H and 19F). The second part of the thesis focuses on the functionalization of fourth-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM G4) using the literature-reported linker. To distinguish between cellular internalization and intracellular cargo release, PAMAM G4 was first labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), enabling fluorescence based uptake studies. The dendrimers were then functionalized at different degrees of grafting to evaluate the effect of surface modification density on biological performance. Building on literature evidence that higher functionalization levels do not necessarily improve transfection efficiency, this work investigates whether reduced performance at high grafting densities may be associated with limitations in intracellular cargo release rather than cellular uptake. Overall, the results provide insight into structure property relationships in functionalized PAMAM dendrimers and support the rational design of non-viral vectors combining efficiency, safety and multifunctionality, including fluorine-based imaging capability.
Questa tesi riguarda la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di polimeri cationici fluorurati progettati come vettori non virali multifunzionali per il rilascio di geni e farmaci, integrando funzionalità di imaging tramite risonanza magnetica al fluoro (19F MRI). L’obiettivo è sviluppare sistemi sicuri ed efficienti e studiare l’influenza delle modifiche strutturali dei vettori polimerici sull’ internalizzazione cellulare. La prima parte del lavoro è dedicata alla sintesi di un linker fluorurato e guanidinilato, che combina gruppo guanidinico per favorire la complessazione degli acidi nucleici e le interazioni di membrana, gruppo trifluorometilico (CF₃) per migliorare la stabilità e consentire il tracciamento mediante 19F MRI e un doppio legame elettrofilo per la coniugazione tramite addizione di Michael. Un linker strutturalmente correlato, già descritto in letteratura, è stato selezionato per i successivi studi di funzionalizzazione. Entrambi i linker sono stati caratterizzati mediante spettroscopia NMR (1H e 19F). La seconda parte della tesi si concentra sulla funzionalizzazione di dendrimeri PAMAM di quarta generazione (G4). Per distinguere tra internalizzazione cellulare e rilascio intracellulare del carico, PAMAM G4 è stato inizialmente marcato con FITC, consentendo studi di assorbimento basati sulla fluorescenza. I dendrimeri sono stati quindi funzionalizzati a diversi gradi di innesto per valutare l’effetto della densità di modificazione superficiale sulle prestazioni biologiche. Basandosi sulle evidenze bibliografiche, secondo cui elevati livelli di funzionalizzazione non migliorano necessariamente l’efficienza di trasfezione, questo lavoro indaga se le prestazioni ridotte osservate ad alti gradi di innesto siano attribuibili a limitazioni nel rilascio intracellulare del carico piuttosto che all’internalizzazione cellulare. Nel complesso, i risultati forniscono indicazioni sulle correlazioni tra struttura e prestazioni dei dendrimeri PAMAM funzionalizzati e supportano la progettazione di vettori non virali efficienti, sicuri e multifunzionali, includendo applicazioni di imaging basate sul fluoro.
Synthesis and characterization of novel fluorinated cationic polymers as multifunctional gene/drug delivery vectors
MANCINI, FRANCESCA
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of novel fluorinated cationic polymers designed as multifunctional non-viral vectors for gene and drug delivery. The main objective is to develop safe and efficient systems capable of overcoming biological barriers while integrating imaging functionality through fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI). In this framework, the influence of polymer structural modifications on cellular internalization is investigated. The first part of the work addresses the design and synthesis of a fluorinated and guanidinylated linker, incorporating three key features: guanidinium group to enhance nucleic acid complexation and membrane interactions, trifluoromethyl (CF₃) moiety to improve stability and enable 19F MRI tracing, and electrophilic carbon carbon double bond for conjugation via Michael addition. A structurally related linker previously reported in the literature, characterized by a terminal double bond and higher reactivity, was selected for subsequent functionalization studies. Both linkers were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H and 19F). The second part of the thesis focuses on the functionalization of fourth-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM G4) using the literature-reported linker. To distinguish between cellular internalization and intracellular cargo release, PAMAM G4 was first labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), enabling fluorescence based uptake studies. The dendrimers were then functionalized at different degrees of grafting to evaluate the effect of surface modification density on biological performance. Building on literature evidence that higher functionalization levels do not necessarily improve transfection efficiency, this work investigates whether reduced performance at high grafting densities may be associated with limitations in intracellular cargo release rather than cellular uptake. Overall, the results provide insight into structure property relationships in functionalized PAMAM dendrimers and support the rational design of non-viral vectors combining efficiency, safety and multifunctionality, including fluorine-based imaging capability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Mancini_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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2026_03_Mancini_Executive Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo dell'Executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251231