The spread of smart devices on a consumer level, alongside the need to achieve higher scalability and conformability, has fostered the rise of Printed Electronics(PE). This new way of doing electronics is meant to replace the bulky form factors of Silicon integration, with more flexible ones adapting to a wider range of accommodating objects. Unlike conventional technologies, innovative sensing systems can be designed on a larger variety of substrates by means of printing techniques, without sacrificing performance. Due to their multitude of applications, resistive temperature detectors(RTDs) have been affected by this innovative technique: in this case, a device sensitive to both mechanical and thermal stimuli is obtained by exploiting sensing layer resistance variations. Large-scale production of such groundbreaking systems has led to the development of procedures to characterize them. This thesis aims at mathematical modeling of the electrical quantity characteristic of spiral and extensometer RTDs, considering the surrounding multi-physical environment. The main intent has been to provide a baseline model against an alternative solution used to eventually retrieve the complete resistance dependence. Due to the nature of the problem in which different physical domains combine with high aspect ratios, a finite element method(FEM) approach has been adopted: in the first place, software simulations have succeeded in providing resistance with temperature trends, other than an analysis on structural modifications of the sensing layers. However, this earlier approach has precluded obtaining a model capable of accounting for possible mechanical effects on the electrical quantity. In this respect, an electro-magnetic approach has been exploited, based on modeling the target quantity with Partial Element Equivalent Circuit(PEEC) algorithms, to be consequently combined with a coded finite element Stiffness method. The proposed procedures have been separately validated against software results showing satisfactory agreement; finally, the merged implementation has been carried out to retrieve a comprehensive dependence on both thermal and structural effects.
La diffusione di massa di dispositivi 'intelligenti' insieme al bisogno di maggiore adattabilità e scalabilità dimensionale, ha incoraggiato lo sviluppo dell'Elettronica stampata. Questo nuovo modo di produrre elettronica ha l'obiettivo di rimpiazzare i rigidi fattori di forma dei sistemi in Silicio, con altri più flessibili e conformi ad un più ampio spettro di oggetti accomodanti. Pertanto, attraverso tecniche di stampa, è possibile progettare sensoristica innovativa su un ampia varietà di substrati, senza sacrificare le performance. A causa della loro moltitudine di applicazioni, i sensori di temperatura resistivi(RTD) sono stati soggetti a tale cambiamento: sfruttando le variazioni di resistenza del materiale attivo è possibile ottenere un dispositivo capace di misurare stimoli termici e meccanici. La produzione massiva di tali sistemi all'avanguardia ha incitato lo necessità di una loro caratterizzazione. Infatti, questa tesi ha l'obiettivo di creare un modello matematico capace di ottenere una dipendenza caratteristica della resistenza di sensori di temperatura resistivi a spirale e estensimetro, considerando l'ambiente multi-fisico intorno. L'intento è quello di avere un modello base su cui testare delle soluzioni alternative per ricavare la caratteristica completa. La presenza di diversi domini fisici e le dimensionalità del problema, suggeriscono l'utilizzo di un modello a elementi finiti(FEM) implementato tramite software; vengono così ricavate le caratteristiche in temperatura della resistenza e simulazioni di analisi strutturale. Tuttavia, questo primo approccio, non è in grado di tenere in conto di eventuali effetti meccanici sulla grandezza elettrica. Pertanto, viene utilizzato un modello elettro-magnetico basato sulla modellizzazione della resistenza dei materiali attivi tramite algoritmi PEEC(Partial Element Equivalent Circuit), successivamente combinato con un codice a elementi finiti per la parte meccanica. Dopo la loro validazione rispetto al modello base, una procedura combinata è implementata per ricavare una caratteristica della resistenza elettrica funzione di entrambi effetti termici e strutturali.
Printed sensors characterization based on finite element and PEEC methods
Calafiore, Giovanni
2024/2025
Abstract
The spread of smart devices on a consumer level, alongside the need to achieve higher scalability and conformability, has fostered the rise of Printed Electronics(PE). This new way of doing electronics is meant to replace the bulky form factors of Silicon integration, with more flexible ones adapting to a wider range of accommodating objects. Unlike conventional technologies, innovative sensing systems can be designed on a larger variety of substrates by means of printing techniques, without sacrificing performance. Due to their multitude of applications, resistive temperature detectors(RTDs) have been affected by this innovative technique: in this case, a device sensitive to both mechanical and thermal stimuli is obtained by exploiting sensing layer resistance variations. Large-scale production of such groundbreaking systems has led to the development of procedures to characterize them. This thesis aims at mathematical modeling of the electrical quantity characteristic of spiral and extensometer RTDs, considering the surrounding multi-physical environment. The main intent has been to provide a baseline model against an alternative solution used to eventually retrieve the complete resistance dependence. Due to the nature of the problem in which different physical domains combine with high aspect ratios, a finite element method(FEM) approach has been adopted: in the first place, software simulations have succeeded in providing resistance with temperature trends, other than an analysis on structural modifications of the sensing layers. However, this earlier approach has precluded obtaining a model capable of accounting for possible mechanical effects on the electrical quantity. In this respect, an electro-magnetic approach has been exploited, based on modeling the target quantity with Partial Element Equivalent Circuit(PEEC) algorithms, to be consequently combined with a coded finite element Stiffness method. The proposed procedures have been separately validated against software results showing satisfactory agreement; finally, the merged implementation has been carried out to retrieve a comprehensive dependence on both thermal and structural effects.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Calafiore_Tesi.pdf
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2026_03_Calafiore_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251298