The growing demand for low-carbon solutions in transportation and power generation has renewed interest in high-efficiency internal combustion engine architectures fuelled by zero-carbon fuels. The split-cycle architecture offers inherent thermodynamic advantages for hydrogen fuelling: the separation of compression and expansion eliminates premature fuel–air mixing, mitigating pre-ignition and backfire risks endemic to conventional spark-ignition engines, while hydrogen's high laminar flame speed is particularly well-suited to the highly retarded combustion phasing inherent to split-cycle architectures. This work develops a multi-module thermodynamic framework comprising a baseline recuperated cycle model, a turbocharger integration block with intercooling, an expansion-cylinder blowby sub-model based on compressible orifice flow through an equivalent labyrinth seal clearance, and an estimation of heat losses based on four in-cylinder convective heat-transfer models. The framework is validated against reference results from the literature, yielding a no-loss indicated thermal efficiency of 73.4% and a loss-inclusive efficiency of 59.1%, both deviating by less than one percentage point from their respective reference values. Turbocharging yields a moderate efficiency improvement of approximately three percentage points while producing a near-threefold increase in volumetric power density, establishing turbocharging as the primary lever for power enhancement. Expansion-cylinder blowby is identified as the dominant internal loss mechanism; at the naturally aspirated baseline, a blowby fraction of 8 % imposes an efficiency penalty of approximately ten percentage points relative to the ideal no-loss cycle. In-cylinder heat losses are accounted for by estimating the heat exchange coefficient using four different convective correlations. These models produce a substantial spread in predicted thermal efficiency, highlighting the sensitivity of cycle-level predictions to the choice of correlation and the necessity of experimental validation for model calibration. Collectively, these findings provide a validated, modular thermodynamic framework and quantitative insight into the competing influences of turbocharging, blowby leakage, and in-cylinder heat transfer on split-cycle engine performance.
La crescente domanda di soluzioni a basse emissioni di carbonio nei trasporti e nella generazione di potenza ha rinnovato l’interesse per architetture di motori a combustione interna ad alta efficienza alimentati con combustibili a zero contenuto di carbonio. L’architettura a ciclo sdoppiato (split-ciclo) offre vantaggi termodinamici per l’alimentazione a idrogeno: la separazione delle fasi di compressione ed espansione elimina la miscelazione prematura aria–combustibile, mitigando i rischi di preaccensione e ritorno di fiamma dei motori ad accensione comandata convenzionali, mentre l’elevata velocità laminare di fiamma dell’idrogeno risulta adatta alla fasatura di combustione fortemente ritardata propria delle architetture split-ciclo. Il presente lavoro sviluppa un quadro termodinamico modulare che comprende: un modello di ciclo base con recuperatore, un blocco turbocompressore con intercooling, un modello di blowby nel cilindro di espansione basato sul flusso comprimibile attraverso un orifizio equivalente rappresentativo del gioco di una tenuta a labirinto, e una stima delle perdite termiche basata su quattro correlazioni convettive di scambio termico in camera di combustione. Il modello è stato validato rispetto a risultati di riferimento in letteratura, ottenendo un rendimento termico indicato in assenza di perdite pari al 73,4% e un rendimento comprensivo delle perdite pari al 59,1%, entrambi con scostamento inferiore a un punto percentuale rispetto ai valori di riferimento. La sovralimentazione consente un incremento moderato dell’efficienza, pari a circa tre punti percentuali, accompagnato da un aumento quasi triplo della densità di potenza volumetrica, confermando il turbocompressore come leva principale per l’incremento della potenza. Il blowby nel cilindro di espansione è il principale meccanismo di perdita interna; nella configurazione aspirata di riferimento, una frazione di blowby dell’8% comporta una penalizzazione dell’efficienza di circa dieci punti percentuali rispetto al ciclo ideale privo di perdite. Le perdite termiche in camera sono state considerate stimando il coefficiente di scambio termico mediante quattro differenti correlazioni convettive. Questi modelli producono una dispersione significativa nei valori previsti di rendimento termico, evidenziando la forte sensibilità delle prestazioni di ciclo alla scelta della correlazione e la necessità di validazione sperimentale per la calibrazione. Nel complesso, i risultati forniscono un quadro termodinamico modulare validato e un’analisi quantitativa degli effetti competitivi della sovralimentazione, del blowby e dello scambio termico in camera sulle prestazioni di un motore split-ciclo alimentato a idrogeno.
Thermodynamic modelling and performance assessment of a turbocharged hydrogen fuelled recuperated split-cycle engine
RAJPUT, FAIZAN
2025/2026
Abstract
The growing demand for low-carbon solutions in transportation and power generation has renewed interest in high-efficiency internal combustion engine architectures fuelled by zero-carbon fuels. The split-cycle architecture offers inherent thermodynamic advantages for hydrogen fuelling: the separation of compression and expansion eliminates premature fuel–air mixing, mitigating pre-ignition and backfire risks endemic to conventional spark-ignition engines, while hydrogen's high laminar flame speed is particularly well-suited to the highly retarded combustion phasing inherent to split-cycle architectures. This work develops a multi-module thermodynamic framework comprising a baseline recuperated cycle model, a turbocharger integration block with intercooling, an expansion-cylinder blowby sub-model based on compressible orifice flow through an equivalent labyrinth seal clearance, and an estimation of heat losses based on four in-cylinder convective heat-transfer models. The framework is validated against reference results from the literature, yielding a no-loss indicated thermal efficiency of 73.4% and a loss-inclusive efficiency of 59.1%, both deviating by less than one percentage point from their respective reference values. Turbocharging yields a moderate efficiency improvement of approximately three percentage points while producing a near-threefold increase in volumetric power density, establishing turbocharging as the primary lever for power enhancement. Expansion-cylinder blowby is identified as the dominant internal loss mechanism; at the naturally aspirated baseline, a blowby fraction of 8 % imposes an efficiency penalty of approximately ten percentage points relative to the ideal no-loss cycle. In-cylinder heat losses are accounted for by estimating the heat exchange coefficient using four different convective correlations. These models produce a substantial spread in predicted thermal efficiency, highlighting the sensitivity of cycle-level predictions to the choice of correlation and the necessity of experimental validation for model calibration. Collectively, these findings provide a validated, modular thermodynamic framework and quantitative insight into the competing influences of turbocharging, blowby leakage, and in-cylinder heat transfer on split-cycle engine performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Thermodynamic Modelling and Performance Assessment of a Turbocharged Hydrogen Fuelled Recuperated Split-Cycle Engine
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251420