This thesis was developed at the BarcelonaTech laboratory of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona. It deals with the numerical modeling of biofilm growth and spatial organization, with the aim of extending and further developing the numerical code introduced in the study “Modulation of biofilm growth by shear and fluctuations in turbulent environments.” The work is structured around two main objectives: (i) the description, through a one- dimensional model, of biofilm growth in both shear-free and shear-dominated regimes; (ii) the analysis of self-organization mechanisms and pattern formation through Gray–Scott- type reaction–diffusion models, including fractional operators to account for non-locality and memory effects. In the first part of the study, starting from a previously developed static model, the introduction of a moving biofilm interface, combined with an erosion term related to shear stress, allowed for a more realistic description of biofilm develop- ment. The thesis then proceeds with the investigation of possible pattern formation and Turing-type instabilities using the Gray–Scott model. Extensions including a fractional Laplacian, capable of introducing non-local transport, and fractional time derivatives (Ca- puto and Caputo–Fabrizio approaches) to model memory effects and dynamical slowing down are explored. The results obtained through MATLAB simulations show that reducing the fractional order and introducing memory effects profoundly modify the number, regularity, and per- sistence of spatial structures, potentially providing an interpretative framework for the morphological variability observed in real biofilms. In the final part of the study, an interaction between the one-dimensional biofilm–fluid model and the Gray–Scott model is attempted by incorporating the physical and biolog- ical constraints of the considered biofilm system. The coupling of the two approaches shows that the introduction of such constraints leads to the suppression of spatial insta- bilities and convergence toward regular steady-state solutions. Overall, the thesis clarifies the fundamental role that transport, growth, shear, and spa- tial pattern formation play in biofilm development and spatial arrangement. This work provides a numerical and conceptual foundation for future developments toward models that are increasingly consistent with experimental observations.
Questa tesi è stato sviluppata presso il laboratorio BarcelonaTech dell’Universitat Politèc- nica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcellona. Essa tratta la modellazione numerica della crescita e dell’organizzazione spaziale del biofilm, con l’obbiettivo di estendere e approfondire il codice numerico sviluppato nello studio “Modulation of biofilm growth by shear and fluc- tuations in turbulent environments”. Il lavoro si articola attorno a due obiettivi: (i) descrizione tramite il modello unidimension- ale della crescita del biofilm in un regime di shear-free e di shear-dominated; (ii) analisi di meccanismi di auto-organizzazione/pattern tramite modelli di reazione–diffusione del tipo Gray–Scott, inclusi operatori frazionari per rappresentare non-località e memoria. Nella prima parte dello studio, a partire da un modello statico precedentemente sviluppato, l’introduzione della frontiera mobile del biofilm in combinazione con il termine di erosione legato allo sforzo di taglio riesce descrivere in modo più realistico lo sviluppo del biofilm. Successivamente la tesi si sviluppa analizzando la possibile formazione di pattern e delle instabilità di tipo Turing tramite il modello di Gray–Scott. Vengono esplorate estensioni che includono un Laplaciano frazionario che è in grado di introdurre trasporto non-locale, e derivate temporali frazionarie (approcci di Caputo e Caputo–Fabrizio) per modellare ef- fetti di memoria e rallentamento dinamico. I risultati ottenuti mediante Matlab mostrano come la riduzione dell’ordine frazionario e l’introduzione di memoria modifichino profon- damente numero, regolarità e persistenza delle strutture spaziali, fornendo una potenziale chiave interpretativa per la variabilità morfologica osservata nei biofilm reali. Nella parte finale di questo studio viene tentata l’interazione tra il modello 1D biofilm- fluido con il modello di Gray-Scott aggiungendo i vincoli fisici e biologici del sistema biofilm considerato. La fusione tra i due approcci ha mostrato che l’introduzione di tali restrizioni conduce alla soppressione delle instabilità spaziali e alla convergenza verso soluzioni stazionarie regolari. La tesi chiarisce il ruolo fondamentale che trasporto, crescita, shear e pattern spaziali possono portare nella crescita e possibile disposizione spaziale del biofilm. Questo lavoro può fornire una base numeri e concettuale per eventuali sviluppi futuri verso descrizioni ancora più aderenti ai dati sperimentali.
Mathematical modeling of biofilm growth: effects of hydrodynamic transport and pattern formation
Basso, Marta
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis was developed at the BarcelonaTech laboratory of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona. It deals with the numerical modeling of biofilm growth and spatial organization, with the aim of extending and further developing the numerical code introduced in the study “Modulation of biofilm growth by shear and fluctuations in turbulent environments.” The work is structured around two main objectives: (i) the description, through a one- dimensional model, of biofilm growth in both shear-free and shear-dominated regimes; (ii) the analysis of self-organization mechanisms and pattern formation through Gray–Scott- type reaction–diffusion models, including fractional operators to account for non-locality and memory effects. In the first part of the study, starting from a previously developed static model, the introduction of a moving biofilm interface, combined with an erosion term related to shear stress, allowed for a more realistic description of biofilm develop- ment. The thesis then proceeds with the investigation of possible pattern formation and Turing-type instabilities using the Gray–Scott model. Extensions including a fractional Laplacian, capable of introducing non-local transport, and fractional time derivatives (Ca- puto and Caputo–Fabrizio approaches) to model memory effects and dynamical slowing down are explored. The results obtained through MATLAB simulations show that reducing the fractional order and introducing memory effects profoundly modify the number, regularity, and per- sistence of spatial structures, potentially providing an interpretative framework for the morphological variability observed in real biofilms. In the final part of the study, an interaction between the one-dimensional biofilm–fluid model and the Gray–Scott model is attempted by incorporating the physical and biolog- ical constraints of the considered biofilm system. The coupling of the two approaches shows that the introduction of such constraints leads to the suppression of spatial insta- bilities and convergence toward regular steady-state solutions. Overall, the thesis clarifies the fundamental role that transport, growth, shear, and spa- tial pattern formation play in biofilm development and spatial arrangement. This work provides a numerical and conceptual foundation for future developments toward models that are increasingly consistent with experimental observations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251480