Paralympic water polo, established in 2016 and currently in a phase of progressive structuring, relies on its classification system as a cornerstone for ensuring competitive equity. The existing model integrates dry-land physical assessments, in-water technical observations, and match analysis. However, as many current procedures are based on ordinal clinical scales and manual testing, they introduce inter-rater variability; this can complicate the definition of clear boundaries between adjacent classes and limit the quantitative robustness of the process. This work proposes a methodological approach based on measurable, sport-specific parameters to analyze the relationship between impairment and performance in Paralympic water polo. Following a preliminary investigation into the system's current challenges - conducted through literature review, questionnaires, and interviews - a theoretical protocol for instrumented dry-land assessment was developed. Focusing on strength, range of motion, and motor coordination, the system aims to ensure high repeatability and functional specificity, laying the groundwork for future quantitative evolution of the classification process. The experimental phase instead introduced a battery of in-water technical tests focused on four core fundamentals: change of direction, sideways glide, stability to contact, and fatigue response. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kendall’s τ correlations, clustering, and regression models. While the results confirm a consistent trend between impairment and performance, a divergence emerged between official classes and functional groupings (clusters), with low correlations (τ) and limited predictive capacity (R^2). Analysis at both the group and individual levels suggests that factors such as experience and training volume influence results as significantly as the impairment itself. In conclusion, while not yet providing a self-sufficient predictive model, this study validates the effectiveness of instrumented testing as a methodological foundation to enhance the objectivity of functional assessment in the aquatic environment.
La pallanuoto paralimpica è una disciplina nata nel 2016 ed in progressiva strutturazione, nella quale il sistema di classificazione riveste un ruolo centrale nel garantire equità competitiva. L’attuale modello classificatorio si basa su una combinazione di valutazione fisica a secco, osservazione tecnica in acqua e analisi in gara; tuttavia, molte delle procedure adottate si basano su scale cliniche ordinali e test manuali introducendo variabilità inter-operatore, rendendo complessa la definizione di confini chiari tra classi contigue e limitando la robustezza quantitativa del processo. Il presente lavoro propone un approccio basato su parametri sport-specifici misurabili per analizzare la relazione tra disabilità e performance nella pallanuoto paralimpica. Dopo un’indagine preliminare sulle criticità del sistema attuale - condotta tramite revisione della letteratura, questionari ed interviste - è stato sviluppato un protocollo teorico di valutazione strumentata a secco. Il sistema, focalizzato su forza, mobilità articolare e coordinazione, mira a garantire elevata ripetibilità e specificità funzionale, ponendo le basi per studi futuri dedicati a tale scopo. La fase sperimentale ha invece introdotto una batteria di test in acqua focalizzata su quattro fondamentali (cambi di direzione, scivolamento, stabilità/contatto e risposta alla fatica), analizzati mediante statistiche descrittive, correlazioni di Kendall, clustering e regressioni. Sebbene i risultati confermino un trend coerente tra disabilità e performance, è emersa una divergenza tra le classi ufficiali e i raggruppamenti funzionali (cluster), con correlazioni (τ) e capacità predittive (R^2) contenute. L'analisi - unitamente alla valutazione del singolo soggetto - suggerisce che l'esperienza e il carico di allenamento influenzino i risultati quanto la disabilità stessa. In conclusione, pur non proponendo ancora un modello predittivo autosufficiente, lo studio valida l'efficacia dei test strumentati come base metodologica per oggettivare la valutazione funzionale in acqua.
Methodological contributions to functional and technical assessment in paralympic water polo classification
Stucchi, Stefano;Pietrobon, Alberto
2024/2025
Abstract
Paralympic water polo, established in 2016 and currently in a phase of progressive structuring, relies on its classification system as a cornerstone for ensuring competitive equity. The existing model integrates dry-land physical assessments, in-water technical observations, and match analysis. However, as many current procedures are based on ordinal clinical scales and manual testing, they introduce inter-rater variability; this can complicate the definition of clear boundaries between adjacent classes and limit the quantitative robustness of the process. This work proposes a methodological approach based on measurable, sport-specific parameters to analyze the relationship between impairment and performance in Paralympic water polo. Following a preliminary investigation into the system's current challenges - conducted through literature review, questionnaires, and interviews - a theoretical protocol for instrumented dry-land assessment was developed. Focusing on strength, range of motion, and motor coordination, the system aims to ensure high repeatability and functional specificity, laying the groundwork for future quantitative evolution of the classification process. The experimental phase instead introduced a battery of in-water technical tests focused on four core fundamentals: change of direction, sideways glide, stability to contact, and fatigue response. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kendall’s τ correlations, clustering, and regression models. While the results confirm a consistent trend between impairment and performance, a divergence emerged between official classes and functional groupings (clusters), with low correlations (τ) and limited predictive capacity (R^2). Analysis at both the group and individual levels suggests that factors such as experience and training volume influence results as significantly as the impairment itself. In conclusion, while not yet providing a self-sufficient predictive model, this study validates the effectiveness of instrumented testing as a methodological foundation to enhance the objectivity of functional assessment in the aquatic environment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Pietrobon_Stucchi_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della Tesi
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114 MB
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2026_03_Pietrobon_Stucchi_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251517