This thesis investigates the evolution of the Continental European power sector toward Net Zero Emissions by 2050, addressing two primary research questions: first, whether a simplified, aggregated linear optimization model can produce outputs consistent with IEA WEO 2024 benchmarks; and second, what key trends characterize the European power sector's transformation up to 2050 across various scenarios. The methodology begins with a critical retrospective analysis, comparing the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2010 and 2024 editions against historical time series (1990–2024). Focusing on CO2 emissions, electricity generation, and primary energy demand, this phase reveals a systematic underestimation of renewable penetration in past projections in favour of a higher reliance on fossil fuels. Such insights are fundamental for developing the analytical sensitivity required to understand how model structures and initial assumptions critically dictate final outputs. Following an evaluation of available open-source tools, OSeMOSYS is selected as the ideal framework for the modelling phase. The results demonstrate that a simple, aggregated, cost-minimizing linear optimization approach effectively captures strategic macro-trends and validates the utility of simplified models for strategic insight and long-term energy planning. However, the economic lever alone, specifically declining technology costs and carbon taxes, is insufficient for achieving the full decarbonization of the power sector. The transition toward Net Zero 2050 requires robust policy frameworks to support green technologies and an accelerated phase-out of fossil fuels. Furthermore, the findings highlight that as renewables dominate the energy mix, the role of conventional technologies transitions from primary energy production to the provision of peaking and firm capacity.
Questa tesi analizza l'evoluzione del settore elettrico dell'Europa continentale verso l'obiettivo Net Zero Emission 2050. La ricerca affronta due quesiti principali: se un modello di ottimizzazione lineare semplificato e aggregato possa produrre risultati coerenti con i benchmark del World Energy Outlook 2024 e l’identificazione delle tendenze evolutive del sistema elettrico europeo al 2050 in diversi scenari. La metodologia parte da un’analisi retrospettiva che confronta le traiettorie dei risultati delle edizioni 2010 e 2024 del WEO con i dati storici (1990-2024). L’analisi rivela una sistematica sottostima della penetrazione delle rinnovabili nelle proiezioni passate a favore dei fossili, evidenziando come le ipotesi ed assunzioni iniziali e le caratteristiche del modello determinino fortemente i risultati delle simulazioni. Sulla base di tali premesse e di una valutazione di vari strumenti open-source di modellazione, OSeMOSYS viene scelto come framework di modellazione. I risultati dimostrano che un modello semplificato basato sulla sola minimizzazione dei costi cattura efficacemente i macro-trend strategici, confermandosi utile per la pianificazione energetica a lungo termine. Tuttavia, emerge che la sola leva economica, quale il calo dei costi tecnologici e carbon tax in aumento, è insufficiente per la completa decarbonizzazione del settore elettrico Europeo. Il raggiungimento del Net Zero Emission 2050 richiede politiche mirate a sostenere le tecnologie green e favorire un accelerato phase-out dei combustibili fossili. Infine, lo studio evidenzia una trasformazione strutturale per le tecnologie convenzionali: con l'aumento delle rinnovabili nel mix energetico, il loro ruolo evolve dalla produzione di energia primaria alla fornitura di capacità di picco e di riserva.
The european power sector toward Net Zero by 2050 : OSeMOSYS optimization vs IEA scenarios
Russo, Mattia Salvatore
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates the evolution of the Continental European power sector toward Net Zero Emissions by 2050, addressing two primary research questions: first, whether a simplified, aggregated linear optimization model can produce outputs consistent with IEA WEO 2024 benchmarks; and second, what key trends characterize the European power sector's transformation up to 2050 across various scenarios. The methodology begins with a critical retrospective analysis, comparing the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2010 and 2024 editions against historical time series (1990–2024). Focusing on CO2 emissions, electricity generation, and primary energy demand, this phase reveals a systematic underestimation of renewable penetration in past projections in favour of a higher reliance on fossil fuels. Such insights are fundamental for developing the analytical sensitivity required to understand how model structures and initial assumptions critically dictate final outputs. Following an evaluation of available open-source tools, OSeMOSYS is selected as the ideal framework for the modelling phase. The results demonstrate that a simple, aggregated, cost-minimizing linear optimization approach effectively captures strategic macro-trends and validates the utility of simplified models for strategic insight and long-term energy planning. However, the economic lever alone, specifically declining technology costs and carbon taxes, is insufficient for achieving the full decarbonization of the power sector. The transition toward Net Zero 2050 requires robust policy frameworks to support green technologies and an accelerated phase-out of fossil fuels. Furthermore, the findings highlight that as renewables dominate the energy mix, the role of conventional technologies transitions from primary energy production to the provision of peaking and firm capacity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Russo_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi
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2026_03_Russo_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251562