The present work, developed in collaboration with CNR-ICMATE of Lecco and Politecnico di Milano, focusses on the design of a personalised 3D-printed orthotic device for tetraplegic wheelchair fencers. The device is intended to compensate for the inability to independently hold the weapon, replacing the traditional handle and eliminating the need for an active gripping force. Currently, para-fencing athletes typically employ rudimentary, non-specific and often uncomfortable devices to aid them hold the sword, so the need for more specialised solutions is strongly felt and emerges in focus groups with practising wheelchair fencers. New solutions should be based on a clear analysis of the individual problem and comprehensive knowledge of the main para-sport characteristics. The work thus starts with a critical review of the literature on both conventional and wheelchair fencing, the biomechanics of the fencing gesture, tetraplegia and orthotic devices, with particular emphasis on solutions based on additive manufacturing. This review establishes the technical and conceptual framework of the study, identifying the key functional requirements as well as major methodological gaps. Among these, the absence of standardised procedures for characterising the loads acting on the handle during fencing practice emerged as a significant limitation. To address this gap, a method was developed to estimate the loads generated during typical fencing actions. The approach is based on the implementation and validation of a numerical model of the blade. Experimental tests were carried out with a professional fencer, collecting biomechanical data and blade deformation measurements during real fencing movements. The measured displacements were then applied to the numerical model to estimate forces and moments corresponding to the observed deformation patterns. The estimated loads were then used as input for the orthosis design. Functional and comfort requirements were defined through focus groups involving athletes from the AUSportiva association (www.adsausportiva.it). The hand–device interface was customised from 3D scans of the limb, using a semi-automated and parametric workflow to convert the scan into a numerical model. This approach was aimed at reducing manufacturing time and facilitating future personalisation for different users. The final design was structurally tested in silico through finite element analysis, employing experimentally-characterised mechanical properties of the printing material. A topology optimisation procedure was subsequently applied to remove excess material while maintaining structural strength. The project concluded with the fabrication of the device and its functional validation through testing with the participating athletes. The results were finally examined through a critical discussion of the effectiveness of the proposed approach, its practical applicability, and its possible future developments.
La presente tesi, svolta in collaborazione con il CNR-ICMATE di Lecco e il Politecnico di Milano, ha come obiettivo la progettazione di un dispositivo ortesico personalizzato, realizzato tramite stampa 3D, destinato a soggetti tetraplegici praticanti la scherma in carrozzina. Il dispositivo è progettato per compensare l’incapacità di sostenere autonomamente l’arma, sostituendo l’impugnatura tradizionale e riducendo la necessità di esercitare una forza di presa attiva. Attualmente, gli atleti di para-scherma ricorrono frequentemente a dispositivi rudimentali, non specifici e spesso poco confortevoli per facilitare il sostentamento dell’arma; la necessità di soluzioni più specializzate è quindi fortemente percepita ed è emersa chiaramente nei focus group con schermidori in carrozzina. Nuove soluzioni dovrebbero basarsi su un’analisi chiara del problema individuale e su una conoscenza approfondita delle principali caratteristiche della disciplina. Il lavoro prende avvio da un’analisi critica della letteratura riguardante la scherma tradizionale e in carrozzina, la biomeccanica del gesto sportivo, la condizione di tetraplegia e l’ambito dei dispositivi ortesici, con particolare attenzione alle soluzioni realizzate tramite tecniche di additive manufacturing. Tale analisi ha fornito il quadro concettuale e tecnico necessario a impostare il lavoro, mettendo in luce sia i requisiti funzionali rilevanti sia le principali lacune metodologiche presenti in letteratura, tra cui l’assenza di procedure standardizzate per la caratterizzazione degli stati di carico agenti sull’impugnatura durante la pratica sportiva. Alla luce di questa lacuna, è stato sviluppato un metodo per la stima dei carichi prodotti durante l’esecuzione dei gesti tipici della scherma, basato sulla costruzione e validazione di un modello numerico della lama. Test sperimentali sono stati condotti con uno schermidore professionista, acquisendo dati biomeccanici e misure della deformazione della lama durante movimenti reali di scherma. Gli spostamenti misurati sono stati quindi imposti al modello numerico al fine di stimare forze e momenti corrispondenti ai pattern di deformazione osservati. I carichi stimati sono stati successivamente impiegati nella progettazione del dispositivo ortesico. I requisiti funzionali e di comfort sono stati definiti tramite focus group con atleti dell’associazione AUSportiva (www.adsausportiva.it). La superficie di contatto con la mano è stata realizzata in modo personalizzato a partire da scansioni 3D dell’arto, con un processo di conversione al modello numerico semi-automatizzato e parametrico, finalizzato a ridurre i tempi di realizzazione e facilitare l’adattamento a soggetti differenti. Il design finale è stato verificato in silico mediante analisi agli elementi finiti, utilizzando proprietà meccaniche del materiale di stampa precedentemente caratterizzate sperimentalmente, e successivamente rifinito tramite un processo di ottimizzazione topologica per ridurre il materiale in eccesso mantenendo la resistenza strutturale. Il lavoro si è concluso con la realizzazione fisica del dispositivo personalizzato e la validazione funzionale attraverso test condotti con gli atleti coinvolti nella ricerca. Infine, i risultati ottenuti sono stati oggetto di una valutazione critica complessiva, volta a discutere l’efficacia dell’approccio proposto, le sue potenzialità applicative e i potenziali sviluppi futuri.
Biomechanically-informed design of a personalised hand orthosis for wheelchair fencing
Criscino, Gabriele
2025/2026
Abstract
The present work, developed in collaboration with CNR-ICMATE of Lecco and Politecnico di Milano, focusses on the design of a personalised 3D-printed orthotic device for tetraplegic wheelchair fencers. The device is intended to compensate for the inability to independently hold the weapon, replacing the traditional handle and eliminating the need for an active gripping force. Currently, para-fencing athletes typically employ rudimentary, non-specific and often uncomfortable devices to aid them hold the sword, so the need for more specialised solutions is strongly felt and emerges in focus groups with practising wheelchair fencers. New solutions should be based on a clear analysis of the individual problem and comprehensive knowledge of the main para-sport characteristics. The work thus starts with a critical review of the literature on both conventional and wheelchair fencing, the biomechanics of the fencing gesture, tetraplegia and orthotic devices, with particular emphasis on solutions based on additive manufacturing. This review establishes the technical and conceptual framework of the study, identifying the key functional requirements as well as major methodological gaps. Among these, the absence of standardised procedures for characterising the loads acting on the handle during fencing practice emerged as a significant limitation. To address this gap, a method was developed to estimate the loads generated during typical fencing actions. The approach is based on the implementation and validation of a numerical model of the blade. Experimental tests were carried out with a professional fencer, collecting biomechanical data and blade deformation measurements during real fencing movements. The measured displacements were then applied to the numerical model to estimate forces and moments corresponding to the observed deformation patterns. The estimated loads were then used as input for the orthosis design. Functional and comfort requirements were defined through focus groups involving athletes from the AUSportiva association (www.adsausportiva.it). The hand–device interface was customised from 3D scans of the limb, using a semi-automated and parametric workflow to convert the scan into a numerical model. This approach was aimed at reducing manufacturing time and facilitating future personalisation for different users. The final design was structurally tested in silico through finite element analysis, employing experimentally-characterised mechanical properties of the printing material. A topology optimisation procedure was subsequently applied to remove excess material while maintaining structural strength. The project concluded with the fabrication of the device and its functional validation through testing with the participating athletes. The results were finally examined through a critical discussion of the effectiveness of the proposed approach, its practical applicability, and its possible future developments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2026_03_Criscino.pdf
accessibile in internet solo dagli utenti autorizzati
Descrizione: Testo della tesi
Dimensione
35.68 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
35.68 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
|
2026_03_Criscino_Executive Summary.pdf
accessibile in internet solo dagli utenti autorizzati
Descrizione: Executive Summary
Dimensione
2.54 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.54 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251564