The acid–base level of molten salts greatly affects their physicochemical properties, which are crucial in determining both the fluid dynamic behavior of the salts and their chemical interaction with surrounding materials. In halide melts, acid-base equilibria are often referred to with the term halobasicity. In the framework of Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) design, halide melts are among the most extensively studied systems for use as fuel and/or coolant. The halobasicity of different chloride salts was investigated within this thesis work. These studies were motivated by the lack of comprehensive information about halobasicity scales for molten chloride salts, in contrast to fluoride salts, for which some scales have already been proposed. The first part of the experimental activity was aimed at assessing the capability of electrochemical techniques for measuring molten salts halobasicity. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed at the Open Circuit Potential (OCP) and under reactive conditions (i.e reducing and oxidizing) on molten salts binary mixtures at known halobasicity level. Data fitting was done using Equivalent Electric Circuits (EECs) implemented through a custom-made Python code. A trend was observed between the halobasicity of the melts and the salt ohmic resistance, which is related to the electrical conductivity. In particular, increasing the acidity of the melts, the salt resistance increases, corresponding to a decrease in the electrical conductivity. Consequently, the Electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to determine a relative halobasicity scale for different chloride salts. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) measurements using silver and glassy-carbon working electrodes were performed, and a relation between the acidity level of the mixtures and the reduction peaks potential difference on the two electrodes was observed. Finally, another criterion to probe the halobasicity of different melts was determined, based on the reduction and oxidation peaks potential, using silver as working electrode.
L’acidità-basicità dei sali fusi influenza fortemente le loro proprietà chimico-fisiche, determinanti per le caratteristiche fluido-dinamiche e di interazione chimica con i materiali che li circondano. Gli equilibri acido-base in sali alogenuri sono spesso indicati con il termine alobasicità. Nell’ambito della progettazione dei reattori nucleari a sali fusi, gli alogenuri sono tra i sali più studiati per essere impiegati come combustibile e/o fluido raffredante. In questo lavoro di tesi è stata studiata l’alobasicità di vari sali fusi di cloro. Questa ricerca è motivata dalla mancanza di informazioni complete riguardo scale di acidità-basicità per sali fusi di cloro, a differenza di quelli di fluoro, per cui esistono alcune scale proposte in letteratura. La prima parte dell’attività sperimentale è stata destinata a determinare l’efficacia di tecniche elettrochimiche nel misurare la basicità dei sali fusi. La spettroscopia ad impedenza elettrochimica è stata applicata al potenziale di equilibrio e in condizioni reattive (riducenti e ossidanti), su miscele binarie di sali fusi di cloro, a livello noto di acidità. L’analisi dei dati è stata condotta impiegando circuiti elettrici equivalenti, tramite un codice Python appositamente sviluppato. È stata osservata una correlazione tra la basicità e il valore della resistenza ohmica del sale, che è collegata alla conducibilità elettrica. Nello specifico, si è osservato che incrementando l’acidità della miscela, la resistenza del sale aumenta, quindi la conducibilità elettrica diminuisce. Successivamente, la spettroscopia ad impedenza elettrochimica è stata impiegata per determinare una scala di basicità per vari sali fusi di cloro. Sono state eseguite misure di ciclovoltammetria, usando elettrodi di lavoro di argento e carbonio vetroso e si è osservata una relazione tra l’acidità dei sali e la distanza nel potenziale dei picchi di riduzione tra i due elettrodi. Infine, è stato determinato un altro criterio per comparare la alobasicità di diversi sali, basato sui potenziali dei picchi di riduzione e ossidazione, usando un elettrodo di lavoro di argento.
Electrochemical measurements of halobasicity in Molten Chloride Salts
Bagnati, Damiano
2024/2025
Abstract
The acid–base level of molten salts greatly affects their physicochemical properties, which are crucial in determining both the fluid dynamic behavior of the salts and their chemical interaction with surrounding materials. In halide melts, acid-base equilibria are often referred to with the term halobasicity. In the framework of Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) design, halide melts are among the most extensively studied systems for use as fuel and/or coolant. The halobasicity of different chloride salts was investigated within this thesis work. These studies were motivated by the lack of comprehensive information about halobasicity scales for molten chloride salts, in contrast to fluoride salts, for which some scales have already been proposed. The first part of the experimental activity was aimed at assessing the capability of electrochemical techniques for measuring molten salts halobasicity. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed at the Open Circuit Potential (OCP) and under reactive conditions (i.e reducing and oxidizing) on molten salts binary mixtures at known halobasicity level. Data fitting was done using Equivalent Electric Circuits (EECs) implemented through a custom-made Python code. A trend was observed between the halobasicity of the melts and the salt ohmic resistance, which is related to the electrical conductivity. In particular, increasing the acidity of the melts, the salt resistance increases, corresponding to a decrease in the electrical conductivity. Consequently, the Electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to determine a relative halobasicity scale for different chloride salts. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) measurements using silver and glassy-carbon working electrodes were performed, and a relation between the acidity level of the mixtures and the reduction peaks potential difference on the two electrodes was observed. Finally, another criterion to probe the halobasicity of different melts was determined, based on the reduction and oxidation peaks potential, using silver as working electrode.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251634