The present work describes the development of a biocatalytic process for the enantioselective reduction of citral to citronellal using ene-reductases (ERs), targeting sustainable access to chiral building blocks for the flavour and fragrance industry. Two NAD(P)H-dependent Old Yellow Enzymes with complementary stereoselectivity were employed: OYE2 from S. cerevisiae, affording (R)-citronellal, and NemA from E. coli, producing (S)-citronellal. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) served as cofactor regeneration enzyme, enabling catalytic NAD(P)H recycling. All enzymes were recombinantly expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). Batch reactions with free enzymes yielded conversions up to 97% and enantiomeric excesses up to 88% (R) and 88% (S). To enable catalyst reuse, the ene-reductases were co-immobilized with FDH on epoxy-functionalized resin (Sunresin Seplife® EMC7014) via covalent binding. Despite a significant activity loss upon immobilization, the preparations maintained excellent selectivity (>99%) and high enantiomeric excess over multiple cycles. A membrane-enclosed enzymatic catalysis (MEEC) approach was also investigated as an alternative strategy. Free enzymes confined within dialysis membranes retained the superior activity of the native biocatalyst while allowing recovery and reuse. The MEEC system afforded high conversions with sustained enantioselectivity over four consecutive cycles and a slower activity decline compared to covalent immobilization, while also simplifying the work-up by preventing direct contact between enzyme and organic solvent. Continuous operation was explored using a CSTR configuration. The results demonstrate that both strategies represent viable approaches for the enantioselective bioreduction of citral, offering a flexible platform extensible to multi-step chemo-enzymatic synthesis.
Il presente lavoro descrive lo sviluppo di un processo biocatalitico per la riduzione enantioselettiva del citrale a citronellale mediante ene-reduttasi (ER), con l'obiettivo di fornire un accesso sostenibile a building block chirali per l'industria degli aromi e delle fragranze. Sono stati impiegati due Old Yellow Enzymes NAD(P)H-dipendenti con stereoselettività complementare: OYE2 da S. cerevisiae, che produce (R)-citronellale, e NemA da E. coli, che produce (S)-citronellale. La formiato deidrogenasi (FDH) è stata utilizzata come enzima per la rigenerazione del cofattore, consentendo il riciclo catalitico del NAD(P)H. Tutti gli enzimi sono stati espressi in forma ricombinante in E. coli BL21(DE3). Le reazioni batch con enzimi liberi hanno fornito conversioni fino al 97% ed eccessi enantiomerici fino all'88% (R) e 88% (S). Per consentire il riutilizzo del catalizzatore, le ene-reduttasi sono state co-immobilizzate con la FDH su resina funzionalizzata con gruppi epossidici (Sunresin Seplife® EMC7014) tramite legame covalente. Nonostante una significativa perdita di attività in seguito all'immobilizzazione, i preparati hanno mantenuto un'eccellente selettività (>99%) e un elevato eccesso enantiomerico per più cicli. Come strategia alternativa è stato inoltre studiato un approccio di catalisi enzimatica in membrana (MEEC, membrane-enclosed enzymatic catalysis). Gli enzimi liberi confinati all'interno di membrane da dialisi hanno mantenuto l'attività superiore del biocatalizzatore nativo, consentendone al contempo il recupero e il riutilizzo. Il sistema MEEC ha fornito elevate conversioni con enantioselettività costante per quattro cicli consecutivi e un declino dell'attività più lento rispetto all'immobilizzazione covalente, semplificando inoltre il work-up grazie alla prevenzione del contatto diretto tra enzima e solvente organico. È stata esplorata anche l'operazione in continuo mediante configurazione CSTR. I risultati dimostrano che entrambe le strategie rappresentano approcci validi per la bioriduzione enantioselettiva del citrale, offrendo una piattaforma flessibile estendibile alla sintesi chemo-enzimatica multi-step.
Enantioselective reduction of citral to (R)- and (S)-citronellal by covalently immobilized and membrane-confined Ene-Reductases: from batch to continuous flow biocatalysis
De LUCA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA PIO
2024/2025
Abstract
The present work describes the development of a biocatalytic process for the enantioselective reduction of citral to citronellal using ene-reductases (ERs), targeting sustainable access to chiral building blocks for the flavour and fragrance industry. Two NAD(P)H-dependent Old Yellow Enzymes with complementary stereoselectivity were employed: OYE2 from S. cerevisiae, affording (R)-citronellal, and NemA from E. coli, producing (S)-citronellal. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) served as cofactor regeneration enzyme, enabling catalytic NAD(P)H recycling. All enzymes were recombinantly expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). Batch reactions with free enzymes yielded conversions up to 97% and enantiomeric excesses up to 88% (R) and 88% (S). To enable catalyst reuse, the ene-reductases were co-immobilized with FDH on epoxy-functionalized resin (Sunresin Seplife® EMC7014) via covalent binding. Despite a significant activity loss upon immobilization, the preparations maintained excellent selectivity (>99%) and high enantiomeric excess over multiple cycles. A membrane-enclosed enzymatic catalysis (MEEC) approach was also investigated as an alternative strategy. Free enzymes confined within dialysis membranes retained the superior activity of the native biocatalyst while allowing recovery and reuse. The MEEC system afforded high conversions with sustained enantioselectivity over four consecutive cycles and a slower activity decline compared to covalent immobilization, while also simplifying the work-up by preventing direct contact between enzyme and organic solvent. Continuous operation was explored using a CSTR configuration. The results demonstrate that both strategies represent viable approaches for the enantioselective bioreduction of citral, offering a flexible platform extensible to multi-step chemo-enzymatic synthesis.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251664