Strongly correlated materials host emergent phenomena arising from the interplay of charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom. Within this class, magnetoelectric multiferroics are particularly attractive because they enable cross-control between magnetic and electric states, offering a promising route toward low-power, energy-efficient devices. Among the very few candidates displaying such functionality at room temperature, the metastable iron oxide ε-Fe2O3 stands out as a promising multiferroic, exhibiting ferroelectricity and ferrimagnetism with a very large room-temperature coercivity, with predicted magnetoelectric coupling. In this work we microscopically investigated the magnetic properties and magnetoelectric response of ε-Fe2O3. In nanoparticles, we used selective non-magnetic-Al doping of the tetrahedral Fe site, to perturb the system and probe the mechanisms behind its peculiar magnetic behavior. SQUID magnetometry showed that Al doping reduces both the saturation magnetization and the coercivity. Combined with site-specific XMCD, this demonstrates that the magnetic saturation of ε-Fe2O3 does not arise from a simple uncompensated moment between sublattices, but from a robust network of superexchange interactions. Disrupting this network suppresses the magnetic hardness of the material by reducing its magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The site-selective perturbation enables assignment of the spectral fingerprints of tetrahedral and octahedral Fe sites in XAS and XMCD, providing a reference for the interpretation of spectroscopic measurements on ε-Fe2O3. Using RIXS and RIXS-MCD on an ε-Fe2O3 thin film, we demonstrated that an applied electric field induces symmetric spectral changes with respect to the field polarity, predominantly affecting the octahedral Fe sites and driving the system toward a more metallic-like state. The system responds differently to switching the electric field on and off depending on the presence of a magnetic field, evidencing magnetoelectric coupling, as revealed by the evolution of RIXS fluorescence and d–d excitations, with a dominant role played by the octahedral sites. Overall, this work establishes a site-resolved understanding of the magnetic interactions in ε-Fe2O3 and demonstrates its magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature.
I materiali fortemente correlati presentano fenomeni complessi dovuti all’interazione tra carica, spin, orbitali e reticolo cristallino. Tra questi, i materiali multiferroici magnetoelettrici sono particolarmente interessanti in quanto permettono il controllo incrociato degli stati magnetici ed elettrici, aprendo la strada a dispositivi a basso consumo energetico. Tra i pochi materiali che presentano tale caratteristica a temperatura ambiente, l’ossido ε-Fe2O3 si distingue per la duplice natura di ferroelettrico e ferrimagnete con un’elevata coercitività e con predizione di accoppiamento magnetoelettrico. In questo lavoro abbiamo studiato microscopicamente le proprietà magnetiche e la risposta magnetoelettrica di ε-Fe2O3. In nanoparticelle, abbiamo selettivamente dopato i siti tetraedrici di ferro con Al, magneticamente inattivo, perturbando il sistema e indagandone i meccanismi alla base del suo comportamento magnetico. Questo dopaggio riduce sia la magnetizzazione di saturazione sia la coercitività, come evidenziato dalle misure SQUID. Quest’analisi, combinata con XMCD elemento-selettiva ha permesso di dimostrare che la saturazione magnetica di ε-Fe2O3 non può essere attribuita a una non compensazione dei momenti tra siti tetraedrici e ottaedrici, ma riflette l’esistenza di un network complesso di interazioni di superscambio. La distruzione di questo network riduce la sua durezza magnetica, diminuendone l’anisotropia magnetocristallina. Questo approccio selettivo ha permesso di distinguere i contributi dei siti tetraedrici e ottaedrici del ε-Fe2O3 nelle misure XAS e XMCD, fornendo un riferimento per la sua interpretazione spettroscopica. Avvalendoci di RIXS e RIXS-MCD su un film sottile di ε-Fe2O3, abbiamo mostrato che l’applicazione di un campo elettrico induce modifiche spettrali simmetriche rispetto alla polarità del campo, interessando principalmente i siti ottaedrici e spostando il sistema verso uno stato a carattere più metallico. La risposta del sistema varia a seconda della presenza di un campo magnetico all’accensione e allo spegnimento del campo elettrico, fornendo evidenza diretta di accoppiamento magnetoelettrico, come dimostrato dall’evoluzione della fluorescenza RIXS e delle eccitazioni d–d, con un ruolo predominante dei siti ottaedrici. In sintesi, questo lavoro chiarisce le interazioni magnetiche in ε-Fe2O3 distinguendo il contributo dei diversi siti cristallografici e fornisce la prima dimostrazione sperimentale del suo accoppiamento magnetoelettrica a temperatura ambiente.
Investigating magnetism and magnetoelectric coupling in epsilon-fe2o3 via soft x-ray spectroscopy
Rossi, Alessia
2024/2025
Abstract
Strongly correlated materials host emergent phenomena arising from the interplay of charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom. Within this class, magnetoelectric multiferroics are particularly attractive because they enable cross-control between magnetic and electric states, offering a promising route toward low-power, energy-efficient devices. Among the very few candidates displaying such functionality at room temperature, the metastable iron oxide ε-Fe2O3 stands out as a promising multiferroic, exhibiting ferroelectricity and ferrimagnetism with a very large room-temperature coercivity, with predicted magnetoelectric coupling. In this work we microscopically investigated the magnetic properties and magnetoelectric response of ε-Fe2O3. In nanoparticles, we used selective non-magnetic-Al doping of the tetrahedral Fe site, to perturb the system and probe the mechanisms behind its peculiar magnetic behavior. SQUID magnetometry showed that Al doping reduces both the saturation magnetization and the coercivity. Combined with site-specific XMCD, this demonstrates that the magnetic saturation of ε-Fe2O3 does not arise from a simple uncompensated moment between sublattices, but from a robust network of superexchange interactions. Disrupting this network suppresses the magnetic hardness of the material by reducing its magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The site-selective perturbation enables assignment of the spectral fingerprints of tetrahedral and octahedral Fe sites in XAS and XMCD, providing a reference for the interpretation of spectroscopic measurements on ε-Fe2O3. Using RIXS and RIXS-MCD on an ε-Fe2O3 thin film, we demonstrated that an applied electric field induces symmetric spectral changes with respect to the field polarity, predominantly affecting the octahedral Fe sites and driving the system toward a more metallic-like state. The system responds differently to switching the electric field on and off depending on the presence of a magnetic field, evidencing magnetoelectric coupling, as revealed by the evolution of RIXS fluorescence and d–d excitations, with a dominant role played by the octahedral sites. Overall, this work establishes a site-resolved understanding of the magnetic interactions in ε-Fe2O3 and demonstrates its magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2026_3_Rossi_Tesi.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Thesis on 'Investigating Magnetism and Magnetoelectric Coupling in ε-Fe2O3 via Soft X-ray Spectroscopy'
Dimensione
17.03 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
17.03 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
|
2026_3_Rossi_Executive Summary.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Executive Summary on 'Investigating Magnetism and Magnetoelectric Coupling in ε-Fe2O3 via Soft X-ray Spectroscopy'
Dimensione
1.63 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.63 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251743