At CNAO every year around 700 patients are treated with hadron therapy using protons and carbon ions. To better deal with radioresistant tumors, in the next few years a new Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) facility is under construction. During the treatment, the patient is irradiated with high neutron fluxes. Consequently, a predictive evaluation of the ambient dose equivalent rates both for prompt and delayed radiation is essential from a radiation protection perspective. Furthermore, considering the high intensity thermal neutron component inside the treatment room, even small traces of elements (ppm) prone to neutron activation may change dosimetric evaluations. An estimation of dose rates inside the future therapy room can be performed through the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. Initially, the radiation protection group at CNAO designed the facility in FLUKA with its main components, and materials were defined with standard compositions. In this thesis, a geometry update was implemented including the design of key elements such as door shielding, the BSA beam shutter and a borated polyethylene shield. In this work the study of traces inside aluminum alloy, steel, glass wool, and concrete is conducted with a Neutron Activation Analysis, using the neutron irradiation facility of the LENA nuclear research reactor, and an HPGe to analyze the photon spectra. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the ambient dose equivalent rate for delayed radiation to the operators inside the treatment room, considering the final geometry of the facility and the traces evaluated using the NAA. The new simulation that includes shielding solutions shows a decrease in the dose rate from 42 μSv/h to 21 μSv/h. The introduction of materials impurities in the FLUKA input also led to a reduction of dose rate to 10 μSv/h that can be attributed to a significantly lower Mn content revealed by NAA within the steel compared to the initial values. In conclusion, dose rate maps showed that the percentage of Mn can significantly alter the dose rates inside the treatment room while the other traces of elements do not represent a concern for future BNCT radiation protection.
Al CNAO ogni anno circa 700 pazienti vengono curati tramite adronterapia. Per una gestione dei tumori radioresistenti, nei prossimi anni verrà costruita una facility basata sulla Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Durante questa terapia, il paziente è irraggiato con grandi flussi neutronici. Perciò, una valutazione predittiva del rateo di dose sia dovuto a radiazione prompt che di decadimento è essenziale. Inoltre, considerando l’intensità della componente termica del flusso neutronico all'interno della sala di trattamento, anche piccole tracce di elementi (ppm) sensibili ad attivazioni neutroniche possono cambiare le valutazioni dosimetriche. Una stima del rateo di dose viene effettuata attraverso il codice Monte Carlo FLUKA. Inizialmente, il gruppo di radioprotezione del CNAO ha sviluppato la geometria della BNCT su FLUKA con i principali componenti, e i materiali sono stati definiti secondo composizioni standard. In questa tesi è stato introdotto un aggiornamento della geometria implementando il design della schermatura della porta, del beam shutter della BSA e di una schermatura di polietilene borato. In questo lavoro è stato condotto uno studio delle tracce nell’alluminio, nella lana di vetro, nell'acciaio e nel calcestruzzo, effettuando una Nuclear Activation Analysis tramite la facility di irraggiamento neutronico del reattore nucleare LENA, utilizzando un HPGe per analizzare gli spettri fotonici. L'obiettivo finale della tesi è di valutare l'ambient dose equivalent rate dovuto a radiazione di decadimento a cui saranno sottoposti gli operatori, considerando la geometria finale della BNCT e le tracce valutate tramite NAA. La nuova simulazione, che include le schermature, mostra un calo del rateo di dose da 42 μSv/h a 21 μSv/h. L'introduzione delle impurità dei materiali in FLUKA porta a un'ulteriore riduzione del rateo di dose arrivando a 10 μSv/h. Ciò è dovuto a una ridotta quantità di Mn rivelato tramite NAA nell'acciaio rispetto alla quantità ipotizzata. In conclusione, si denota che la percentuale di Mn può significativamente alterare il rateo di dose mentre altre tracce non rappresentano un problema per la radioprotezione della BNCT.
Evaluation of neutron-induced activation of materials and radiation dose assessment for the commissioning of a BNCT room
AZZOLARI, STEFANO
2024/2025
Abstract
At CNAO every year around 700 patients are treated with hadron therapy using protons and carbon ions. To better deal with radioresistant tumors, in the next few years a new Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) facility is under construction. During the treatment, the patient is irradiated with high neutron fluxes. Consequently, a predictive evaluation of the ambient dose equivalent rates both for prompt and delayed radiation is essential from a radiation protection perspective. Furthermore, considering the high intensity thermal neutron component inside the treatment room, even small traces of elements (ppm) prone to neutron activation may change dosimetric evaluations. An estimation of dose rates inside the future therapy room can be performed through the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. Initially, the radiation protection group at CNAO designed the facility in FLUKA with its main components, and materials were defined with standard compositions. In this thesis, a geometry update was implemented including the design of key elements such as door shielding, the BSA beam shutter and a borated polyethylene shield. In this work the study of traces inside aluminum alloy, steel, glass wool, and concrete is conducted with a Neutron Activation Analysis, using the neutron irradiation facility of the LENA nuclear research reactor, and an HPGe to analyze the photon spectra. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the ambient dose equivalent rate for delayed radiation to the operators inside the treatment room, considering the final geometry of the facility and the traces evaluated using the NAA. The new simulation that includes shielding solutions shows a decrease in the dose rate from 42 μSv/h to 21 μSv/h. The introduction of materials impurities in the FLUKA input also led to a reduction of dose rate to 10 μSv/h that can be attributed to a significantly lower Mn content revealed by NAA within the steel compared to the initial values. In conclusion, dose rate maps showed that the percentage of Mn can significantly alter the dose rates inside the treatment room while the other traces of elements do not represent a concern for future BNCT radiation protection.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Azzolari_Tesi.pdf
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2026_03_Azzolari_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251779