Background: Thrombus formation on blood-contacting surfaces is a major complication in cardiovascular interventions. Cardiovascular devices and catheter procedures expose blood to foreign surfaces or damaged endothelium, potentially triggering platelet adhesion and coagulation. Thromboresistant polymer coatings offer a promising strategy to mitigate device-induced thrombosis. Pluronic F127 hydrogel coatings have demonstrated anti-fouling properties and platelet adhesion reduction under low shear conditions via polymeric endoluminal paving in vitro. However, systematic characterization of coating passivating efficacy and resistance across a range of shear stresses has not been performed. Here, we evaluate Pluronic F127 gel paving performance under varying shear conditions using a microfluidic platform. Methods: Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic layers, bonded to glass, were used to model flow over a range of shear stress conditions. Gel paving was implemented using Pluronic F127 as a representative thermoresponsive gel polymer, applied in liquid form and gelled in situ via incubation of one hour at 37°C. The resulting polymer layer was formed on the glass surface at the bottom of the channel, enabling optical assessment of platelet–surface interactions under flow. Polymer concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w in PBS were investigated to assess coating stability and passivating efficacy. Human whole blood was perfused through coated and uncoated channels at a shear rate of 300 s−1. Following confirmation of passivating efficacy at 300 s−1, the 15% w/w formulation was further tested under more elevated shear conditions (900 s−1 and 1100 s−1). Uncoated glass was used as thrombogenic control surfaces. Platelet accumulation was observed real-time in a 4-minute experiment via fluorescence microscopy, using 3,3’-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine Iodide (DiOC6) labelling. Image postprocessing allowed quantification of fluorescence intensity, surface coverage, number and mean area of the aggregates under flow. Results: Pluronic F127 gel paving of microchannels significantly reduced platelet adhesion compared to uncoated glass controls, demonstrating an effective passivating behavior. All tested concentrations showed comparable reductions in platelet adhesion; however, the 15% w/w formulation was selected for consistency with prior endoluminal gel paving studies. Importantly, the 15% Pluronic F127 coating maintained its passivating effect under increased shear stresses, remaining effective at 900 s−1 and 1100 s−1. Discussion: Pluronic F127 paving of PDMS and glass channels is effective in limiting platelet adhesion. Our findings demonstrate the potential of microfluidic platforms to evaluate polymeric gel paving strategies under a range of controlled shear conditions. The proposed on-chip approach pro- vides a controllable framework to investigate thrombogenic surface interactions and to guide the development of polymer-based barrier strategies for blood-contacting medical devices.
Background: La formazione di trombi sulle superfici a contatto con il sangue è una complicanza rilevante negli interventi cardiovascolari. I dispositivi cardiovascolari e le procedure con catetere espongono il sangue a superfici estranee o endotelio danneggiato, potenzialmente favorendo l’adesione piastrinica e la coagulazione. I rivestimenti polimerici tromboresistenti offrono una strategia promettente per mitigare la trombosi indotta dai dispositivi. In particolare, i rivestimenti di idrogel Pluronic F127 hanno dimostrato proprietà anti-fouling (resistenza all’adesione proteica) in condizioni di basso shear tramite paving endoluminale polimerico, in vitro. Tuttavia, la caratterizzazione sistematica dell’efficacia passivante e della resistenza del rivestimento su valori di shear fisiologici non è stata eseguita. In questo lavoro, valutiamo le prestazioni del gel paving con Pluronic F127 utilizzando una piattaforma microfluidica. Metodi: Canali microfluidici in polidimetilsilossano (PDMS), incollati a vetro, sono stati utilizzati per modellare il flusso su un range di condizioni di stress di taglio. Il gel paving è stato implementato utilizzando Pluronic F127, applicato in forma liquida e gelificato in situ tramite incubazione di un’ora a 37°C. Lo strato polimerico risultante si è formato sulla superficie di vetro sul fondo del canale, consentendo la valutazione ottica delle interazioni piastrine-superficie sotto flusso. Concentrazioni polimeriche del 5%, 10% e 15% w/w in PBS sono state investigate per valutare la stabilità del rivestimento e l’efficacia passivante. Sangue umano intero è stato perfuso attraverso canali rivestiti e non rivestiti di F127 a uno shear rate di 300 s−1. Dopo la conferma dell’efficacia a 300 s−1, la formulazione al 15% w/w è stata ulteriormente testata in condizioni di shear più elevato (900 s−1 e 1100 s−1). I canali non rivestiti sono stati utilizzati come superficie di controllo trombogenica. L’accumulo piastrinico è stato osservato in tempo reale in esperimenti di 4 minuti tramite microscopia a fluorescenza, utilizzando marcatura con 3,3’-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine Iodide (DiOC6). Il post-processing delle immagini ha consentito la quantificazione dell’intensità di fluorescenza, della surface coverage, del numero e dell’area media degli aggregati sotto flusso. Risultati: Il gel paving dei microcanali con Pluronic F127 ha ridotto significativamente l’adesione piastrinica rispetto ai controlli di vetro non rivestiti, dimostrando un comportamento passivante efficace. Tutte le concentrazioni testate hanno mostrato riduzioni comparabili nell’adesione piastrinica. La formulazione al 15% w/w è stata selezionata per coerenza con precedenti studi di gel paving endoluminale, e ha mantenuto il proprio effetto passivante a shear più elevati, rimanendo efficace a 900 s−1 e 1100 s−1. Discussione: Il paving con Pluronic F127 dei canali in PDMS e vetro è efficace nel limitare l’adesione piastrinica. I nostri risultati dimostrano il potenziale delle piattaforme microfluidiche per valutare strategie di gel paving polimerico sotto un range di condizioni di shear controllate. L’approccio on- chip proposto fornisce un quadro sperimentale controllabile per indagare le interazioni superficiali trombogeniche e per guidare lo sviluppo di strategie protettive basate su polimeri per dispositivi medici a contatto con il sangue.
On-chip endoluminal gel paving: investigation of platelet adhesion under flow
Bruno, Beatrice
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Thrombus formation on blood-contacting surfaces is a major complication in cardiovascular interventions. Cardiovascular devices and catheter procedures expose blood to foreign surfaces or damaged endothelium, potentially triggering platelet adhesion and coagulation. Thromboresistant polymer coatings offer a promising strategy to mitigate device-induced thrombosis. Pluronic F127 hydrogel coatings have demonstrated anti-fouling properties and platelet adhesion reduction under low shear conditions via polymeric endoluminal paving in vitro. However, systematic characterization of coating passivating efficacy and resistance across a range of shear stresses has not been performed. Here, we evaluate Pluronic F127 gel paving performance under varying shear conditions using a microfluidic platform. Methods: Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic layers, bonded to glass, were used to model flow over a range of shear stress conditions. Gel paving was implemented using Pluronic F127 as a representative thermoresponsive gel polymer, applied in liquid form and gelled in situ via incubation of one hour at 37°C. The resulting polymer layer was formed on the glass surface at the bottom of the channel, enabling optical assessment of platelet–surface interactions under flow. Polymer concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w in PBS were investigated to assess coating stability and passivating efficacy. Human whole blood was perfused through coated and uncoated channels at a shear rate of 300 s−1. Following confirmation of passivating efficacy at 300 s−1, the 15% w/w formulation was further tested under more elevated shear conditions (900 s−1 and 1100 s−1). Uncoated glass was used as thrombogenic control surfaces. Platelet accumulation was observed real-time in a 4-minute experiment via fluorescence microscopy, using 3,3’-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine Iodide (DiOC6) labelling. Image postprocessing allowed quantification of fluorescence intensity, surface coverage, number and mean area of the aggregates under flow. Results: Pluronic F127 gel paving of microchannels significantly reduced platelet adhesion compared to uncoated glass controls, demonstrating an effective passivating behavior. All tested concentrations showed comparable reductions in platelet adhesion; however, the 15% w/w formulation was selected for consistency with prior endoluminal gel paving studies. Importantly, the 15% Pluronic F127 coating maintained its passivating effect under increased shear stresses, remaining effective at 900 s−1 and 1100 s−1. Discussion: Pluronic F127 paving of PDMS and glass channels is effective in limiting platelet adhesion. Our findings demonstrate the potential of microfluidic platforms to evaluate polymeric gel paving strategies under a range of controlled shear conditions. The proposed on-chip approach pro- vides a controllable framework to investigate thrombogenic surface interactions and to guide the development of polymer-based barrier strategies for blood-contacting medical devices.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: On Chip Endoluminal Gel Paving: Investigation of platelet adhesion under flow
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251780