Metastasis accounts for approximately 90% of global cancer-related mortality. Among the most aggressive malignancies, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) represents a distinct subtype characterised by a pronounced metastatic propensity and, to date, by the absence of established targeted therapeutic strategies. Tumour progression is sustained by a highly dynamic tumour microenvironment (TME), orchestrated by cellular recruitment, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, and the ability of tumour cells to activate adaptive responses to environmental stressors through the Integrated Stress Response (ISR). This cellular programme plays a central role in driving key metastatic hallmarks, including invasion, ECM and vascular remodelling, thereby emerging as a promising therapeutic target. In light of this evidence, through a joint effort between the Politecnico di Milano and the Experimental Imaging Center of San Raffaele Hospital, the present thesis project aimed to develop a tissue-specific 3D in vitro model of TNBC through the optimisation of the True-Tissue-on-a-Platform (TToP) culture system and the use of 3D scaffolds, with the objective of investigating ISR-mediated mechanisms of TME remodelling. By integrating conventional 2D approaches with advanced 3D systems, the study demonstrated that ISR activation in tumour cells triggers the propagation of stress signals, drives fibroblasts pro-tumoural phenotypes, and promotes ECM remodelling. The preliminary implementation of the final tumour–stromal–endothelial model established the methodological framework for a robust 3D platform to investigate ISR-driven TNBC TME remodelling within a physiologically relevant setting.
La metastasi è responsabile di circa il 90% della mortalità oncologica globale. Tra le neoplasie a maggiore aggressività, il carcinoma mammario triplo-negativo (TNBC) rappresenta una sottotipologia caratterizzata da un’elevata propensione metastatica e, ad oggi, dalla mancanza di strategie terapeutiche targetizzate. La progressione tumorale è sostenuta da un microambiente tumorale (TME) altamente dinamico, guidato dal reclutamento cellulare, dal rimodellamento della matrice extracellulare (ECM) e dalla capacità delle cellule tumorali di attivare risposte adattative agli stress ambientali attraverso Integrated Stress Response (ISR). Questo meccanismo cellulare contribuisce a promuovere le principali fasi della progressione metastatica, incluse invasione cellulare, rimodellamento dell'ECM e vascolare, configurandosi pertanto come un promettente target terapeutico. Alla luce di queste evidenze, attraverso una collaborazione tra il Politecnico di Milano e il Centro di Imaging Sperimentale dell’Ospedale San Raffaele, il presente progetto di tesi si è posto l’obiettivo di sviluppare un modello in vitro 3D tessuto-specifico del TNBC mediante l’ottimizzazione della piattaforma di coltura True-Tissue-on-a-Platform (TToP) e l'impiego di scaffold 3D, al fine di investigare i meccanismi di rimodellamento del TME mediati da ISR. Combinando approcci convenzionali 2D con sistemi 3D avanzati, lo studio ha evidenziato come l’attivazione di ISR nelle cellule tumorali determini la propagazione di segnali di stress, l’induzione di fenotipi fibroblastici pro-tumorali ed il rimodellamento dell’ECM. La prima implementazione del modello finale comprensivo di componenti tumorale, stromale ed endoteliale ha consentito di definire le fondamenta metodologiche per una piattaforma 3D funzionale all'analisi dei meccanismi di rimodellamento del TME del TNBC guidati da ISR in un contesto tumorale fisiologicamente rilevante.
Microenvironment remodelling via stress response in 3D multicompartment breast cancer models
BRUSSOLO, GRETA
2024/2025
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for approximately 90% of global cancer-related mortality. Among the most aggressive malignancies, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) represents a distinct subtype characterised by a pronounced metastatic propensity and, to date, by the absence of established targeted therapeutic strategies. Tumour progression is sustained by a highly dynamic tumour microenvironment (TME), orchestrated by cellular recruitment, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, and the ability of tumour cells to activate adaptive responses to environmental stressors through the Integrated Stress Response (ISR). This cellular programme plays a central role in driving key metastatic hallmarks, including invasion, ECM and vascular remodelling, thereby emerging as a promising therapeutic target. In light of this evidence, through a joint effort between the Politecnico di Milano and the Experimental Imaging Center of San Raffaele Hospital, the present thesis project aimed to develop a tissue-specific 3D in vitro model of TNBC through the optimisation of the True-Tissue-on-a-Platform (TToP) culture system and the use of 3D scaffolds, with the objective of investigating ISR-mediated mechanisms of TME remodelling. By integrating conventional 2D approaches with advanced 3D systems, the study demonstrated that ISR activation in tumour cells triggers the propagation of stress signals, drives fibroblasts pro-tumoural phenotypes, and promotes ECM remodelling. The preliminary implementation of the final tumour–stromal–endothelial model established the methodological framework for a robust 3D platform to investigate ISR-driven TNBC TME remodelling within a physiologically relevant setting.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Brussolo.pdf
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2026_03_Brussolo_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251863