The transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to zero-emission vehicles represents one of the main strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and local pollutants generated by the transport sector, which pose a serious threat to both the environment and human health. In this context, the increasing deployment of battery electric buses (BEBs) in public transport services introduces new operational and economic challenges, particularly related to battery management and charging strategies. This study analyses the main mathematical models used to estimate the State of Health (SoH) of lithium-ion batteries and proposes a methodological approach aimed at making them applicable to real-world operational contexts. For this purpose, a Python-based simulation environment is developed, allowing the modeling of battery aging in BEBs as a function of operational conditions, environmental factors, and adopted charging strategies, and enabling the estimation of battery useful life. The work also includes the development of an optimization algorithm for charging scheduling, which is used to assess the feasibility of the proposed strategies and to analyze their impact on energy costs and charging infrastructure requirements. The application of the model to a real fleet of BEBs operated by Autoguidovie S.p.A shows that charging strategies oriented towards reducing battery degradation can lead to a reduction in the vehicles’ Life Cycle Cost (LCC) exceeding 20% with respect to the initial operating conditions. However, the results also highlight that extending battery lifetime represents only one component of a broader economic framework, in which energy costs and charging infrastructure play a decisive role.
La transizione dai veicoli a combustione interna ai veicoli a zero emissioni rappresenta una delle principali strategie per ridurre le emissioni di gas serra e gli inquinanti locali generati dal settore dei trasporti, che costituiscono una seria minaccia sia per l’ambiente sia per la salute umana. In questo contesto, la crescente diffusione degli autobus elettrici a batteria (BEBs) nei servizi di trasporto pubblico introduce nuove sfide operative ed economiche, in particolare legate alla gestione delle batterie e alle strategie di ricarica. Questo studio analizza i principali modelli matematici utilizzati per la stima dello stato di salute (SoH) delle batterie agli ioni di litio e propone un approccio metodologico finalizzato a renderli applicabili a contesti operativi reali. A tal fine, viene sviluppato un ambiente di simulazione implementato in Python, che consente di modellare l’invecchiamento delle batterie dei BEBs in funzione delle condizioni operative, dei fattori ambientali e delle strategie di ricarica adottate, permettendo di stimarne la vita utile. Il lavoro include inoltre lo sviluppo di un algoritmo di ottimizzazione per la pianificazione delle ricariche, utilizzato per valutare la fattibilità delle strategie proposte e per analizzarne l’impatto sui costi energetici e sui requisiti infrastrutturali di ricarica. L’applicazione del modello a una flotta reale di BEBs operata da Autoguidovie S.p.A. mostra come strategie di ricarica orientate alla riduzione del degrado delle batterie possano portare a una riduzione del costo del ciclo di vita (LCC) dei veicoli superiore al 20% rispetto alle condizioni operative iniziali. Tuttavia, i risultati evidenziano anche che l’estensione della vita utile delle batterie rappresenta solo una componente di un quadro economico più ampio, nel quale i costi dell’energia e delle infrastrutture di ricarica svolgono un ruolo determinante.
Battery Electric Bus: a technical and economic simulation framework for battery aging assessment
Isacco, Giorgio
2024/2025
Abstract
The transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to zero-emission vehicles represents one of the main strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and local pollutants generated by the transport sector, which pose a serious threat to both the environment and human health. In this context, the increasing deployment of battery electric buses (BEBs) in public transport services introduces new operational and economic challenges, particularly related to battery management and charging strategies. This study analyses the main mathematical models used to estimate the State of Health (SoH) of lithium-ion batteries and proposes a methodological approach aimed at making them applicable to real-world operational contexts. For this purpose, a Python-based simulation environment is developed, allowing the modeling of battery aging in BEBs as a function of operational conditions, environmental factors, and adopted charging strategies, and enabling the estimation of battery useful life. The work also includes the development of an optimization algorithm for charging scheduling, which is used to assess the feasibility of the proposed strategies and to analyze their impact on energy costs and charging infrastructure requirements. The application of the model to a real fleet of BEBs operated by Autoguidovie S.p.A shows that charging strategies oriented towards reducing battery degradation can lead to a reduction in the vehicles’ Life Cycle Cost (LCC) exceeding 20% with respect to the initial operating conditions. However, the results also highlight that extending battery lifetime represents only one component of a broader economic framework, in which energy costs and charging infrastructure play a decisive role.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Isacco_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251888