With the selection of tungsten as the material for ITER plasma-facing components and the adoption of boronization for oxygen reduction, the need for plasma-material interaction studies involving boron has increased the demand for laboratory-produced thin films to be used as Model Systems and eroded in linear devices. The contribution of the thesis to this research effort is the expansion of current boron sample production capabilities through nanosecond pulsed laser deposition (PLD), by improving consolidated compact film fabrication and exploring new features, namely porous morphology, higher oxygen fraction, and nitrogen incorporation. Film deposition, monitored by Optical Emission Spectroscopy and performed both in vacuum and under Ar, He and N2 background gas pressure, was accompanied by extensive characterization. Scanning Electron Microscopy was carried out to investigate film morphology and evaluate thickness. An advanced analysis of droplet impact on deposition was performed using ImageJ software. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, combined with the use of EDDIE software, provided important information on density and chemical composition, while Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate molecular bonding. With regard to the optimization of invacuum compact boron thin film deposition, an original software, PLDSim, was developed to identify critical issues in the adopted target motion profile. The study also analysed the impact of implementing a new boron target and adopting a larger laser spot size, resulting in an increased deposition rate, comparable droplet density, and an enhanced size of the microstructures. The introduction of inert background gases, once the suitable target-to-substrate distance had been identified, enabled the novel deposition of porous boron films, although unexpectedly low mechanical and chemical stability was observed, related to boric acid formation. Finally, through deposition in a nitrogen-rich environment, boron thin films with approximately 10% nitrogen content were produced. These films still exhibited mechanical instability but showed chemically inert behaviour.
Con la scelta del tungsteno come materiale dei componenti esposti al plasma in ITER e l’adozione della boronizzazione per ridurre il contenuto di ossigeno, la necessità di studi sulle interazioni plasma-materiale che coinvolgono il boro ha aumentato la domanda di film sottili prodotti in laboratorio, da utilizzare come sistemi modello e da erodere in dispositivi lineari. La tesi espande le capacità attuali di produzione di campioni di boro tramite deposizione laser pulsato a nanosecondi, migliorando la fabbricazione consolidata di film compatti ed esplorando nuove caratteristiche, quali morfologia porosa, maggiore frazione di ossigeno e incorporazione di azoto. La deposizione dei film, monitorata mediante spettroscopia di emissione ottica, è stata eseguita sia in vuoto sia in pressione di gas come Ar, He e N2. Attraverso la microscopia elettronica (SEM) si è analizzata la morfologia dei film e si è valutato lo spessore. Un’analisi dell’impatto delle gocce emesse dal bersaglio sulla deposizione è stata condotta mediante il software ImageJ. EDX, combinato con l’uso del software EDDIE, ha fornito informazioni rilevanti sulla densità e sulla composizione chimica, mentre la spettroscopia Raman è stata utilizzata per studiare i legami molecolari. L’ottimizzazione dei film compatti in vuoto ha portato allo sviluppo di PLDSim, volto a identificare criticità nel profilo di movimentazione adottato. Lo studio ha evidenziato l’impatto dell’adozione di un nuovo bersaglio di boro e dell’utilizzo di una dimensione maggiore del fascio laser, ottenendo un aumento del tasso di deposizione, densità di gocce comparabile e dimensioni maggiori delle microstrutture. L’introduzione di gas inerti, una volta identificata la distanza ottimale bersaglio-substrato, ha consentito la deposizione inedita di film porosi di boro, sebbene sia stata osservata una stabilità meccanica e chimica inaspettatamente bassa, riconducibile alla formazione di acido borico. Infine, mediante deposizione in un ambiente ricco di N2, sono stati prodotti film sottili di boro con un contenuto di azoto di circa il 10%. Tali film mostrano instabilità meccanica, ma presentano un comportamento chimicamente inerte.
Pulsed Laser Deposited Boron thin films as model systems for studies in magnetic confinement fusion
Casali, Alessandro
2024/2025
Abstract
With the selection of tungsten as the material for ITER plasma-facing components and the adoption of boronization for oxygen reduction, the need for plasma-material interaction studies involving boron has increased the demand for laboratory-produced thin films to be used as Model Systems and eroded in linear devices. The contribution of the thesis to this research effort is the expansion of current boron sample production capabilities through nanosecond pulsed laser deposition (PLD), by improving consolidated compact film fabrication and exploring new features, namely porous morphology, higher oxygen fraction, and nitrogen incorporation. Film deposition, monitored by Optical Emission Spectroscopy and performed both in vacuum and under Ar, He and N2 background gas pressure, was accompanied by extensive characterization. Scanning Electron Microscopy was carried out to investigate film morphology and evaluate thickness. An advanced analysis of droplet impact on deposition was performed using ImageJ software. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, combined with the use of EDDIE software, provided important information on density and chemical composition, while Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate molecular bonding. With regard to the optimization of invacuum compact boron thin film deposition, an original software, PLDSim, was developed to identify critical issues in the adopted target motion profile. The study also analysed the impact of implementing a new boron target and adopting a larger laser spot size, resulting in an increased deposition rate, comparable droplet density, and an enhanced size of the microstructures. The introduction of inert background gases, once the suitable target-to-substrate distance had been identified, enabled the novel deposition of porous boron films, although unexpectedly low mechanical and chemical stability was observed, related to boric acid formation. Finally, through deposition in a nitrogen-rich environment, boron thin films with approximately 10% nitrogen content were produced. These films still exhibited mechanical instability but showed chemically inert behaviour.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Casali_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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2026_03_Casali_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252033