The present study investigated the use of peptide sequences from Tat and Rev proteins, known as Nuclear Localization Signals (NLSs), to improve the nuclear targeting of non-viral gene delivery vectors. This is particularly relevant for neurodegenerative diseases affecting non-dividing cells such as neurons. Nucleic acid-based therapies hold considerable therapeutic promise, but their efficacy is limited by the difficulty of crossing cellular barriers, such as the nuclear membrane in non-dividing cells. To this end, Tat and Rev NLSs were selected for their demonstrated ability to interact directly with Importin β, thereby enabling active nuclear translocation. Moreover, these NLSs are characterized by a high positive charge that allows electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged plasmid. At first, both NLSs were used to formulate ternary complexes with plasmid and 25 kDa branched-polyethyleneimine (bPEI) by vibration (using the VibroFect® device). These were tested on hard-to-transfect cells, but no transfection is achieved. Then, both NLSs were used as standalone vectors complexing the plasmid by manual mixing or by vibration at different N/P ratios. All binary complexes exhibited low cytotoxicity, even at high N/Ps, yet failed to transfect HeLa cells. Therefore, different ternary complexes were formulated and tested on proliferating HeLa cells. In this case, cells were successfully transfected, but the TE of bPEI complexed alone with the plasmid was increased only in few manually mixed conditions of the ternary complexes, presumably because active cell division masked the NLS-mediated nuclear targeting effect. Therefore, the ternary complexes obtained by vibration were tested on cells with reduced proliferation rate, no statistically significant improvement in TE was observed, possibly owing to complex instability. This study leads to the conclusion that electrostatic NLS-plasmid complexes fail to achieve therapeutic TE, and future studies should focus on DNA functionalization with NLS to enable effective nuclear delivery in non-dividing cells, with potential therapeutic applications for ALS and SMA.
Il presente studio ha esaminato l'uso di sequenze peptidiche di proteine Tat e Rev, note come Nuclear Localization Signals (NLS), per migliorare il targeting nucleare di vettori non virali per gene delivery. Il targeting nucleare è particolarmente rilevante nel caso delle malattie neurodegenerative che colpiscono i neuroni. Le terapie geniche mostrano un grande potenziale terapeutico, ma la loro efficacia è limitata dalla difficoltà di attraversare le barriere cellulari, come la membrana nucleare. A tal fine, gli NLS di Tat e Rev sono stati selezionati per la loro comprovata capacità di interagire direttamente con l'Importina β, che permette l'ingresso nucleare attraverso i Nuclear Pore Complexes. Inoltre, la loro elevata carica positiva consente l'interazione elettrostatica con il plasmide. Inizialmente, complessi ternari NLS-plasmide-polietileneimina ramificata 25 kDa (bPEI) ottenuti mediante vibrazione (VibroFect®) sono stati testati su cellule difficili da trasfettare, ma la trasfezione non è avvenuta. Successivamente, gli NLS sono stati usati per complessare solo il plasmide a diversi N/P mediante miscelazione manuale o vibrazione ma, nonostante la ridotta citotossicità anche per N/P elevati, questi complessi binari non hanno permesso la trasfezione di cellule HeLa. Pertanto, i complessi ternari sono stati riformulati e testati su cellule HeLa in proliferazione: la trasfezione è avvenuta, ma l'efficienza di trasfezione (TE) è migliorata rispetto al solo bPEI complessato con il plasmide solo in alcuni casi, probabilmente a causa della replicazione attiva delle cellule che maschera il contributo degli NLS. I complessi ternari ottenuti mediante vibrazione sono stati quindi testati su cellule con basso tasso di proliferazione ma non è stato registrato un incremento di TE significativo, probabilmente a causa dell’instabilità dei complessi. Si conclude che i complessi ottenuti per interazione elettrostatica NLS-plasmide non garantiscono una TE terapeutica e che studi futuri dovranno concentrarsi sulla funzionalizzazione del DNA con NLS in modo da trasportare efficacemente il plasmide all'interno del nucleo, con potenziali applicazioni terapeutiche per SLA e SMA.
Nuclear Localization Signals in gene delivery
De Cinque, Maria Ida
2024/2025
Abstract
The present study investigated the use of peptide sequences from Tat and Rev proteins, known as Nuclear Localization Signals (NLSs), to improve the nuclear targeting of non-viral gene delivery vectors. This is particularly relevant for neurodegenerative diseases affecting non-dividing cells such as neurons. Nucleic acid-based therapies hold considerable therapeutic promise, but their efficacy is limited by the difficulty of crossing cellular barriers, such as the nuclear membrane in non-dividing cells. To this end, Tat and Rev NLSs were selected for their demonstrated ability to interact directly with Importin β, thereby enabling active nuclear translocation. Moreover, these NLSs are characterized by a high positive charge that allows electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged plasmid. At first, both NLSs were used to formulate ternary complexes with plasmid and 25 kDa branched-polyethyleneimine (bPEI) by vibration (using the VibroFect® device). These were tested on hard-to-transfect cells, but no transfection is achieved. Then, both NLSs were used as standalone vectors complexing the plasmid by manual mixing or by vibration at different N/P ratios. All binary complexes exhibited low cytotoxicity, even at high N/Ps, yet failed to transfect HeLa cells. Therefore, different ternary complexes were formulated and tested on proliferating HeLa cells. In this case, cells were successfully transfected, but the TE of bPEI complexed alone with the plasmid was increased only in few manually mixed conditions of the ternary complexes, presumably because active cell division masked the NLS-mediated nuclear targeting effect. Therefore, the ternary complexes obtained by vibration were tested on cells with reduced proliferation rate, no statistically significant improvement in TE was observed, possibly owing to complex instability. This study leads to the conclusion that electrostatic NLS-plasmid complexes fail to achieve therapeutic TE, and future studies should focus on DNA functionalization with NLS to enable effective nuclear delivery in non-dividing cells, with potential therapeutic applications for ALS and SMA.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_DeCinque_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi
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2026_03_DeCinque_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252045