Urban shrinkage has been happening across many European cities for more than a century, and today it has become a major topic in urban planning. In Italy, this discussion is often framed through a territorial hierarchy: on one side there are metropolitan areas, seen as the main engines of growth even when they face restructuring, and on the other side there are the aree interne and small Borghi, which are clearly recognized as fragile and supported through specific national strategies. Between these two categories lies a large intermediate territory that is often overlooked. This study focuses on how shrinkage is experienced within the historic centers of medium-sized towns located in this intermediate territorial condition. Historic city centers are the oldest parts of towns, often formed during medieval or early modern periods, and characterized by dense urban fabric, narrow streets, historic buildings, churches, and public spaces that reflect local identity and continuity. The intermediate territories Despite representing a significant share of Italy’s territory and population, these areas are often considered “still functioning”, which hides slow processes of population loss, ageing, and functional decline. In medium-sized towns, historic centers are identified not only by their architectural value, but also by their role as the symbolic and morphological core of the city. Even with heritage protection, many of these centers are gradually losing residents, everyday services, and stable uses. Shrinkage here appears less as collapse and more as vacancy, underuse, and the slow erosion of daily urban life. The research is guided by two main questions: How can historic centres of medium-sized towns in Middle Italy be identified and addressed under conditions of long-term urban shrinkage? And to what extent are existing policies developed for inland Borghi applicable to the historic centres of medium-sized cities? These questions frame the investigation of both spatial conditions and policy limitations. The study follows a step-by-step methodology: • Quantitative territorial analysis to map long-term demographic and socio-economic trends and to identify areas where shrinkage is persistent and structural. • Territorial filtering to focus on intermediate contexts, excluding metropolitan cores and areas strongly influenced by major economic hubs. • Case study selection and assessment, combining demographic indicators with the presence of significant historic centers to identify representative medium-sized towns. • Qualitative investigation through field visits, interviews, photographic surveys, planning documents, and heritage analysis to understand how shrinkage materializes within historic urban fabric and everyday spaces. Based on this approach, the research develops place-based strategies for selected case studies and reflects on how inland area and Borghi policies could be adapted for medium-sized historic centres. The outcome is not a fixed action plan for a single city, but a flexible framework that can be transferred to other shrinking historic towns. The aim is not to reverse shrinkage, but to maintain these places as liveable, meaningful, and socially grounded environments, capable of sustaining everyday life and heritage under conditions of long-term decline.
La contrazione urbana si verifica in molte città europee da più di un secolo, e oggi è diventata uno degli argomenti centrali dell’urbanistica. In Italia, questa discussione viene spesso inquadrata in una visione gerarchica del territorio: da un lato ci sono le aree metropolitane, viste come i principali motori di crescita anche quando affrontano una ristrutturazione, e dall’altro ci sono le “aree interne” e i piccoli borghi, che sono chiaramente riconosciuti come fragili e che vengono supportati da specifiche strategie nazionali. Tra queste due categorie si colloca un ampio territorio intermedio che viene spesso trascurato. Questo studio si concentra su come viene vissuta la contrazione urbana nei centri storici delle città di medie dimensioni localizzate in questa condizione territoriale intermedia. I centri storici sono le parti più antiche delle città, spesso formatesi durante il Medioevo o la prima Età Moderna, e caratterizzate da un tessuto urbano denso, strade strette, edifici storici, chiese e spazi pubblici che riflettono l’identità locale e la continuità storica. Nonostante rappresentino una parte significativa del territorio e della popolazione italiana, queste aree sono spesso considerate “ancora funzionanti”, cosa che tiene nascosti i lenti processi di spopolamento, invecchiamento e declino funzionale. Nelle città di medie dimensioni i centri storici si riconoscono non solo per il loro valore architettonico, ma anche per il loro ruolo di cuore simbolico e morfologico della città. Anche con la tutela del patrimonio, molti di questi centri stanno progressivamente perdendo residenti, servizi quotidiani e usi stabili. La contrazione qui si manifesta meno come collasso e più come svuotamento, sottoutilizzo e lenta erosione della vita quotidiana della città. La ricerca è guidata da due domande principali: come possono essere individuati e trattati i centri storici delle città medie dell’Italia di mezzo in condizioni di contrazione urbana di lungo periodo? E fino a che punto le politiche sviluppate per i borghi interni sono applicabili ai centri storici delle città di medie dimensioni? Queste domande inquadrano la ricerca sia sulle condizioni spaziali sia sulle limitazioni delle politiche. Lo studio segue una metodologia step-by-step: • analisi territoriale quantitativa per mappare le tendenze demografiche e socioeconomiche di lungo termine e per individuare le aree dove la contrazione è persistente e strutturale. • selezione territoriale per concentrarsi sui contesti intermedi, escludendo i centri metropolitani e le aree fortemente influenzate dai principali hub economici. • selezione e analisi di casi studio, combinando indicatori demografici con la presenza di centri storici significativi, per individuare città medie rappresentative • ricerca qualitativa tramite sopralluoghi, interviste, rilievi fotografici, documenti di pianificazione, e analisi del patrimonio per capire come la contrazione si materializza nel tessuto urbano storico e negli spazi della vita quotidiana. Basandosi su questo approccio, la ricerca sviluppa strategie radicate al territorio per i casi studio selezionati e riflette su come le politiche per le aree interne e per i borghi potrebbero essere adattate ai centri storici delle città di medie dimensioni. Il risultato non è un piano d’azione rigido per una singola città, ma un quadro flessibile che può essere trasferito ad altre città storiche in contrazione. Lo scopo non è invertire la contrazione, ma mantenere questi luoghi ambienti vivibili, significativi e socialmente radicati, capaci di sostenere la vita quotidiana e il patrimonio anche in condizioni di declino a lungo termine.
Balancing shrinkage and heritage in Middle Italy: strategic framework for depopulated historic centres
ARULSELVAN, KALAI ARASAN
2025/2026
Abstract
Urban shrinkage has been happening across many European cities for more than a century, and today it has become a major topic in urban planning. In Italy, this discussion is often framed through a territorial hierarchy: on one side there are metropolitan areas, seen as the main engines of growth even when they face restructuring, and on the other side there are the aree interne and small Borghi, which are clearly recognized as fragile and supported through specific national strategies. Between these two categories lies a large intermediate territory that is often overlooked. This study focuses on how shrinkage is experienced within the historic centers of medium-sized towns located in this intermediate territorial condition. Historic city centers are the oldest parts of towns, often formed during medieval or early modern periods, and characterized by dense urban fabric, narrow streets, historic buildings, churches, and public spaces that reflect local identity and continuity. The intermediate territories Despite representing a significant share of Italy’s territory and population, these areas are often considered “still functioning”, which hides slow processes of population loss, ageing, and functional decline. In medium-sized towns, historic centers are identified not only by their architectural value, but also by their role as the symbolic and morphological core of the city. Even with heritage protection, many of these centers are gradually losing residents, everyday services, and stable uses. Shrinkage here appears less as collapse and more as vacancy, underuse, and the slow erosion of daily urban life. The research is guided by two main questions: How can historic centres of medium-sized towns in Middle Italy be identified and addressed under conditions of long-term urban shrinkage? And to what extent are existing policies developed for inland Borghi applicable to the historic centres of medium-sized cities? These questions frame the investigation of both spatial conditions and policy limitations. The study follows a step-by-step methodology: • Quantitative territorial analysis to map long-term demographic and socio-economic trends and to identify areas where shrinkage is persistent and structural. • Territorial filtering to focus on intermediate contexts, excluding metropolitan cores and areas strongly influenced by major economic hubs. • Case study selection and assessment, combining demographic indicators with the presence of significant historic centers to identify representative medium-sized towns. • Qualitative investigation through field visits, interviews, photographic surveys, planning documents, and heritage analysis to understand how shrinkage materializes within historic urban fabric and everyday spaces. Based on this approach, the research develops place-based strategies for selected case studies and reflects on how inland area and Borghi policies could be adapted for medium-sized historic centres. The outcome is not a fixed action plan for a single city, but a flexible framework that can be transferred to other shrinking historic towns. The aim is not to reverse shrinkage, but to maintain these places as liveable, meaningful, and socially grounded environments, capable of sustaining everyday life and heritage under conditions of long-term decline.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252075