Poor aqueous solubility and limited formulation flexibility remain major barriers in the development of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), driving interest in liquid systems capable of combining enhanced solubilization, controlled viscosity, and robust physical stability. This thesis investigates water-containing therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES) as modular liquid matrices for oral drug delivery and evaluates whether β-Cyclodextrin (βCD) can function as a supramolecular formulation lever to modulate molecular organization and macroscopic performance. THEDES formulations based on choline chloride or urea were screened to identify stable single-phase liquid regions at room temperature. Solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) analysis, supported by Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL)-based thermodynamic modeling, was employed to characterize eutectic behavior and delineate composition–temperature stability boundaries within the investigated formulation space. The effect of βCD incorporation was assessed by defining compatibility windows and examining its influence on structure–property relationships within the selected liquid matrices. Molecular-level interactions were probed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, including diffusion-ordered and correlation experiments, to elucidate dynamic association phenomena within the hydrogen-bond-rich THEDES environment and to compare reference (“blank”) systems with βCD-containing counterparts. Rheological measurements characterized flow behavior and quantified viscosity modulation induced by supramolecular structuring. Capsule-oriented feasibility studies were conducted to connect phase behavior and interaction mechanisms with practical pharmaceutical performance, including storage stability and release characteristics. Overall, the findings identify THEDES–cyclodextrin systems as tunable and mechanistically interpretable liquid formulations. By integrating thermodynamic analysis, supramolecular spectroscopy, rheology, and dosage-form evaluation, this work establishes a coherent link between molecular association, liquid-phase stability, and oral delivery feasibility, providing a rational basis for the design of liquid formulations for poorly soluble APIs.
La limitata solubilità in acqua e la limitata flessibilità delle strategie di formulazione rappresentano ancora ostacoli significativi nello sviluppo di numerosi principi attivi (API), rendendo necessario l’impiego di sistemi liquidi capaci di coniugare solubilizzazione efficace, viscosità controllabile e stabilità fisica nel tempo. La presente tesi analizza sistemi eutettici terapeutici contenenti acqua (THEDES) come matrici liquide per la somministrazione orale e valuta il ruolo della β-Ciclodestrina (βCD) come componente in grado di promuovere interazioni di inclusione e di modulare l’organizzazione molecolare del sistema. Formulazioni THEDES a base di cloruro di colina o urea sono state sottoposte a screening per individuare regioni monofase stabili a temperatura ambiente. L’equilibrio solido–liquido (SLE), supportato da modellazione termodinamica (NRTL), è stato impiegato per descrivere il comportamento eutettico e definire i limiti di stabilità composizione–temperatura nel sistema ternario considerato. L’introduzione della βCD è stata valutata attraverso l’analisi delle finestre di compatibilità e delle variazioni nelle relazioni struttura–proprietà delle matrici selezionate. Le interazioni molecolari sono state investigate mediante spettroscopia a Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (NMR) mono- e bidimensionale, includendo esperimenti di diffusione e correlazione, evidenziando fenomeni di associazione dinamica all’interno delle matrici ricche di legami a idrogeno. Le misure reologiche hanno caratterizzato il comportamento di flusso e la modulazione della viscosità, mentre prove preliminari in capsule hanno collegato stabilità di fase e meccanismi di interazione alle prestazioni in termini di conservazione e rilascio. Nel complesso, i risultati indicano che l’integrazione tra THEDES e ciclodestrine costituisce un approccio razionale e modulabile alla formulazione di sistemi liquidi per uso orale, in cui associazione molecolare, stabilità della fase liquida e fattibilità applicativa risultano strettamente interconnesse.
Exploring Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Systems (THEDES) - cyclodextrin synergy for drug delivery applications
MARCHESE, GAIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Poor aqueous solubility and limited formulation flexibility remain major barriers in the development of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), driving interest in liquid systems capable of combining enhanced solubilization, controlled viscosity, and robust physical stability. This thesis investigates water-containing therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES) as modular liquid matrices for oral drug delivery and evaluates whether β-Cyclodextrin (βCD) can function as a supramolecular formulation lever to modulate molecular organization and macroscopic performance. THEDES formulations based on choline chloride or urea were screened to identify stable single-phase liquid regions at room temperature. Solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) analysis, supported by Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL)-based thermodynamic modeling, was employed to characterize eutectic behavior and delineate composition–temperature stability boundaries within the investigated formulation space. The effect of βCD incorporation was assessed by defining compatibility windows and examining its influence on structure–property relationships within the selected liquid matrices. Molecular-level interactions were probed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, including diffusion-ordered and correlation experiments, to elucidate dynamic association phenomena within the hydrogen-bond-rich THEDES environment and to compare reference (“blank”) systems with βCD-containing counterparts. Rheological measurements characterized flow behavior and quantified viscosity modulation induced by supramolecular structuring. Capsule-oriented feasibility studies were conducted to connect phase behavior and interaction mechanisms with practical pharmaceutical performance, including storage stability and release characteristics. Overall, the findings identify THEDES–cyclodextrin systems as tunable and mechanistically interpretable liquid formulations. By integrating thermodynamic analysis, supramolecular spectroscopy, rheology, and dosage-form evaluation, this work establishes a coherent link between molecular association, liquid-phase stability, and oral delivery feasibility, providing a rational basis for the design of liquid formulations for poorly soluble APIs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Marchese_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252078