The limited aqueous solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) represents a major challenge in topical and transdermal drug delivery. Among them, lidocaine is a widely used local anaesthetic classified as a BCS class II drug, as it exhibits high permeability but low water solubility, which restricts its formulation efficiency. This study investigates Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvents (THEDES) as promising alternatives to overcome these limitations. THEDES were prepared by combining lidocaine with ibuprofen, menthol, and thymol. A multi-technique approach was adopted to investigate their physicochemical behaviour, providing insight into the relationship between composition and macroscopic properties. To improve mechanical stability and applicability, novel supramolecular eutectogels were developed by structuring the THEDES with 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) at different concentrations. Rheological analysis confirmed the formation of a viscoelastic network and demonstrated that gelator concentration strongly influences the storage modulus and mesh size. Drug leaching from the gel matrix and liquid THEDES into an aqueous phase was evaluated through quantitative NMR, suggesting structural stability of both the gel and the liquid THEDES under the tested conditions. A detailed investigation of the most promising system, lidocaine:DL-menthol, was carried out. Solid–liquid equilibrium was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, confirming eutectic behaviour with slight negative deviations from ideality. The experimental data were modelled using the NRTL equation, and the influence of the molar ratio on DBS solubility was evaluated, providing insight into composition-dependent behaviour and enabling prediction of dissolution temperatures for rational eutectogel preparation. Scanning electron microscopy provided qualitative insight into the fibrillar microstructure of the xerogels. Finally, the incorporation of the eutectic phase into oil-in-water microemulsions demonstrated the feasibility of integrating THEDES into colloidal drug delivery platforms. Overall, this work establishes a coherent framework linking molecular composition, thermodynamic behaviour, and supramolecular structuring, highlighting the potential of THEDES-based formulations for advanced transdermal and topical applications.
Una delle principali sfide nella somministrazione topica e transdermica dei farmaci e la limitata solubilità in acqua di molti principi attivi farmaceutici (API). Tra questi, la lidocaina è un anestetico locale ampiamente utilizzato, classificato come farmaco di classe II secondo il BCS, dal momento che presenta elevata permeabilità ma bassa solubilità, fattore che ne limita l’efficienza formulativa. Questo studio indaga l’utilizzo di solventi eutettici profondi a scopo terapeutico (THEDES) come un’alternativa promettente per superare tali limitazioni. I THEDES sono stati ottenuti combinando la lidocaina con ibuprofene, mentolo e timolo e caratterizzati mediante un approccio multi-tecnica per analizzarne il comportamento fisico-chimico e la relazione tra composizione e proprietà macroscopiche. Al fine di migliorare la stabilità meccanica e l’applicabilità di questi sistemi, sono stati sviluppati nuovi gel eutettici supramolecolari usando 1,3:2,4-dibenzilidene-D-sorbitolo (DBS) a diverse concentrazioni. L’analisi reologica ha confermato la formazione di una rete viscoelastica e ha evidenziato come la concentrazione del gelificante influenzi significativamente il modulo elastico e la dimensione della maglia reticolare. Il rilascio del farmaco dalla matrice gelificata e dai THEDES liquidi verso la fase acquosa è stato valutato mediante NMR quantitativa, suggerendo stabilità strutturale sia del gel sia della fase eutettica nelle condizioni investigate. Inoltre, è stata condotta un’analisi dettagliata del sistema più promettente lidocaina:DL-mentolo. In particolare, l’equilibrio solido-liquido è stato studiato tramite calorimetria differenziale a scansione, confermando il comportamento eutettico con leggere deviazioni negative dall’idealità. I dati sperimentali sono stati modellati tramite il modello NRTL e l’influenza del rapporto molare del DES sulla solubilità del DBS è stata analizzata, evidenziando un comportamento composizione-dipendente e permettendo la previsione delle temperature di dissoluzione per la preparazione razionale degli eutettogels. L’analisi mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione ha fornito informazioni qualitative sulla microstruttura fibrillare degli aerogel. Infine, l’incorporazione della fase eutettica in microemulsioni olio-in-acqua ha dimostrato la possibilità di integrare i THEDES in piattaforme colloidali per il rilascio di farmaci. Nel complesso, il lavoro stabilisce un quadro coerente che collega composizione molecolare, comportamento termodinamico e strutturazione supramolecolare, evidenziando il potenziale delle formulazioni a base di THEDES per applicazioni avanzate in ambito topico e transdermico.
Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents and related gels: preparation, physical chemistry and testing
GALLANDRA, CATERINA
2024/2025
Abstract
The limited aqueous solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) represents a major challenge in topical and transdermal drug delivery. Among them, lidocaine is a widely used local anaesthetic classified as a BCS class II drug, as it exhibits high permeability but low water solubility, which restricts its formulation efficiency. This study investigates Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvents (THEDES) as promising alternatives to overcome these limitations. THEDES were prepared by combining lidocaine with ibuprofen, menthol, and thymol. A multi-technique approach was adopted to investigate their physicochemical behaviour, providing insight into the relationship between composition and macroscopic properties. To improve mechanical stability and applicability, novel supramolecular eutectogels were developed by structuring the THEDES with 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) at different concentrations. Rheological analysis confirmed the formation of a viscoelastic network and demonstrated that gelator concentration strongly influences the storage modulus and mesh size. Drug leaching from the gel matrix and liquid THEDES into an aqueous phase was evaluated through quantitative NMR, suggesting structural stability of both the gel and the liquid THEDES under the tested conditions. A detailed investigation of the most promising system, lidocaine:DL-menthol, was carried out. Solid–liquid equilibrium was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, confirming eutectic behaviour with slight negative deviations from ideality. The experimental data were modelled using the NRTL equation, and the influence of the molar ratio on DBS solubility was evaluated, providing insight into composition-dependent behaviour and enabling prediction of dissolution temperatures for rational eutectogel preparation. Scanning electron microscopy provided qualitative insight into the fibrillar microstructure of the xerogels. Finally, the incorporation of the eutectic phase into oil-in-water microemulsions demonstrated the feasibility of integrating THEDES into colloidal drug delivery platforms. Overall, this work establishes a coherent framework linking molecular composition, thermodynamic behaviour, and supramolecular structuring, highlighting the potential of THEDES-based formulations for advanced transdermal and topical applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252086