Solitary kidney (SK) is a relatively common congenital renal malformation in children. Children suffering from this condition may have congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract and extrarenal malformations, including genital deformities, alterations to the gastrointestinal tract, or in some cases cardiac deformities. Currently, many of these children are advised against physical activity, despite it being a fundamental element for the physical, psychological, and social growth of the child. Even today, there are no devices on the market capable of protecting the lower abdomen, particularly the renal area, from potentially harmful impacts for those who practice physical activity. The objective of this study is to demonstrate, through finite element simulations, the effectiveness of a protective device located in the renal area. In particular, we want to demonstrate that this device is capable of reducing damage to the kidneys caused by impacts. The aim of this study is to demonstrate, through finite element simulations, the effectiveness of a protective device located in the renal area. In particular, we want to demonstrate that this device is capable of reducing damage to the kidneys during contact or team sports, with a particular focus on soccer. To this end, a patient-specific human torso model was developed using CT image segmentation. The model was then discretized with a tetrahedral mesh, except for certain organs such as the skin and bladder, for which a shell mesh was preferred. The various mechanical properties of the different organs and tissues that make up the torso were obtained from scientific literature in order to create a model that was as realistic as possible. A ball model was then created using SolidWorks and also discretized into a shell mesh. Finally, all parts were imported into the LS-dyna software responsible for finite element simulations. Several scenarios of ball impact against the torso were analyzed, simulating a direct ball impact in the lumbar region. In particular, different scenarios were compared in the absence and presence of a protective patch applied to the renal region. The protective patch was created using geometric extrusion in ANSA software and mechanically characterized in the laboratory. To this end, two materials were studied: Poron XRD and Poron Medical, selected for their energy absorption properties. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that for impacts with a ball traveling at a speed of 10 m/s, the protective device provides excellent shielding in the renal area, reducing both stress levels and internal energy, confirming the effectiveness of this device in mitigating damage to renal tissue during physical activity. On the contrary, it is not reliable for professional-level impacts with speeds of 20 m/s. In fact, for simulations of this energy level, this model does not accurately describe reality.
Il rene solitario è una malformazione renale congenita relativamente comune nei bambini. I bambini che soffrono di questa condizione possono presentare anomalie congenite del rene e del tratto urinario e malformazioni extrarenali, tra cui deformazioni all'apparato genitale, alterazioni al tratto gastrointestinale o in alcuni casi deformazioni cardiache. Attualmente, a molti di questi bambini viene scongliato di svolgere attività fisica, nonostante sia un elemento fondamentale per la crescita fisica,psicologica e sociale del bambino. Ancora oggi non esistono sul mercato dispositivi in grado di proteggere il basso addome, in particolare la zona renale, da impatti potenzialmente dannosi per chi pratica attività fisica. L'obiettivo di questo studio è dimostrare attraverso simulazioni agli elementi finiti l'efficacia di un dispositivo di protezione localizzato nella zona renale. In particolare si vuole dimostrare che tale dispositivo sia in grado di ridurre i danni ai reni durante sport di contatto o di squadra, con particolare attenzione al calcio. A tal fine, è stato sviluppato un modello di torso umano paziente-specifico ottenuto tramite segmentazioni di immagini TAC. Il modello è stato successivamente discretizzato con una mesh tetraedrica eccetto per alcuni organi quali pelle e vescia, per le quali si è preferito utilizzare una shell mesh. Dalla letteratura scientifica sono state ricavate le varie proprietà meccaniche dei vari organi e tessuti che compongono il busto, al fine di realizzare un modello più rappresentativo della realtà possibile. Successivamente è stato realizzato un modello di palla tramite SolidWorks e anch'esso discretizzato in una shell mesh. Infine, tutte le parti sono state importate nel software LS-dyna responsabile delle simulazioni agli elementi finiti. Sono stati analizzati diversi scenari di impatto di pallonata contro il torso, simulando una pallonata diretta nella zona lombare. in particolare sono stati confrontati diversi scenari in assenza e in presenza di un patch protettivo applicato in corrispondenza della regione renale. Il patch protettivo è stato realizzato tramite un estrusione geometrica sul software ANSA e caratterizzato meccanicamente in laboratorio. A tal fine, due materiali sono stati studiati: Poron XRD e Poron Medical, selezionati per le loro proprietà di assorbimento dell'energia. I risultati ottenuti in questo lavoro dimostrano che per impatti con pallonata avente velocità 10 m/s il dispositivo di protezione fornisce un'ottima capacità di schermatura nella zona renale, riducendo sia i livelli di stress sia l'energia interna, confermando l'efficacia di tale dispositivo nel mitigare i danni al tessuto renale durante attività fisica. Al contrario non risulta affidabile per impatti di livello professionistico aventi velocità 20 m/s, difatti per simulazioni di tale livello energetico questo modello non descrive in maniera veritiera la realtà.
Finite element modeling of the pediatric torso for protective equipment design in single-kidney children
Di Francesca, Giorgio
2024/2025
Abstract
Solitary kidney (SK) is a relatively common congenital renal malformation in children. Children suffering from this condition may have congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract and extrarenal malformations, including genital deformities, alterations to the gastrointestinal tract, or in some cases cardiac deformities. Currently, many of these children are advised against physical activity, despite it being a fundamental element for the physical, psychological, and social growth of the child. Even today, there are no devices on the market capable of protecting the lower abdomen, particularly the renal area, from potentially harmful impacts for those who practice physical activity. The objective of this study is to demonstrate, through finite element simulations, the effectiveness of a protective device located in the renal area. In particular, we want to demonstrate that this device is capable of reducing damage to the kidneys caused by impacts. The aim of this study is to demonstrate, through finite element simulations, the effectiveness of a protective device located in the renal area. In particular, we want to demonstrate that this device is capable of reducing damage to the kidneys during contact or team sports, with a particular focus on soccer. To this end, a patient-specific human torso model was developed using CT image segmentation. The model was then discretized with a tetrahedral mesh, except for certain organs such as the skin and bladder, for which a shell mesh was preferred. The various mechanical properties of the different organs and tissues that make up the torso were obtained from scientific literature in order to create a model that was as realistic as possible. A ball model was then created using SolidWorks and also discretized into a shell mesh. Finally, all parts were imported into the LS-dyna software responsible for finite element simulations. Several scenarios of ball impact against the torso were analyzed, simulating a direct ball impact in the lumbar region. In particular, different scenarios were compared in the absence and presence of a protective patch applied to the renal region. The protective patch was created using geometric extrusion in ANSA software and mechanically characterized in the laboratory. To this end, two materials were studied: Poron XRD and Poron Medical, selected for their energy absorption properties. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that for impacts with a ball traveling at a speed of 10 m/s, the protective device provides excellent shielding in the renal area, reducing both stress levels and internal energy, confirming the effectiveness of this device in mitigating damage to renal tissue during physical activity. On the contrary, it is not reliable for professional-level impacts with speeds of 20 m/s. In fact, for simulations of this energy level, this model does not accurately describe reality.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252110