Methodology for a digital workflow for the survey, modelling and documentation of minor and inaccessible architectural elements is developed and tested in this thesis, focusing on roof chimneys of selected historical buildings managed by Lombardia Beni Culturali within the UNESCO core zone of Mantova. It addresses the technical, logistical and economic limits of conventional survey methods, such as terrestrial laser scanning and classical topographic instruments, when applied to small, elevated and fragile roof components that are difficult or unsafe to reach. To overcome these constraints, the research adopts a lightweight commercial a Unmanned Aerial Vechile (UAV) and image‑based photogrammetry to generate metrically reliable 3D data with reduced operational costs. The proposed workflow integrates UAV‑based image acquisition and Structure‑from‑Motion processing with low‑budget solutions for image capture and processing, followed by modelling in an Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) environment and Geographic Information System (GIS) based spatial organisation and management of the surveyed elements within the historic urban fabric. A selected sample of roof chimneys, identified through GIS analysis and preliminary photographic reconnaissance, is used to evaluate the geometric accuracy, completeness and operational reliability of the workflow for elements that cannot be surveyed directly from the ground or accessible roofs. The resulting 3D models support a typological analysis of Mantova’s roof chimneys, describing their morphological, constructive and functional characteristics and linking them to a structured information system. The results indicate that low‑cost UAV photogrammetry, when integrated with HBIM and GIS tools, provides a reliable and replicable strategy for documenting minor and inaccessible architectural details, achieving accuracy levels compatible with small‑scale heritage documentation and analysis tasks, and outlining a transferable framework for other minor yet culturally significant roof elements in historic urban contexts.
Una metodologia per un workflow digitale di rilievo, modellazione e documentazione di elementi architettonici minori e inaccessibili è sviluppata e testata in questa tesi, con particolare attenzione ai comignoli dei tetti di edifici storici selezionati, gestiti da Lombardia Beni Culturali all’interno della core zone UNESCO di Mantova. Essa affronta i limiti tecnici, logistici ed economici dei metodi di rilievo convenzionali, come il laser scanner terrestre e gli strumenti topografici classici, quando applicati a componenti di copertura di piccola dimensione, sopraelevate e fragili, difficili o pericolose da raggiungere. Per superare tali vincoli, la ricerca adotta un UAV commerciale leggero e la fotogrammetria image‑based per generare dati 3D metricamente affidabili con costi operativi ridotti. Il workflow proposto integra acquisizione fotografica da UAV e processamento Structure‑from‑Motion con soluzioni a basso costo per acquisizione e trattamento delle immagini, seguiti dalla modellazione in ambiente HBIM e dall’organizzazione e gestione spaziale degli elementi rilevati in un sistema GIS riferito al tessuto urbano storico. Un campione selezionato di comignoli, individuato tramite analisi GIS e ricognizione fotografica preliminare, è utilizzato per valutare accuratezza geometrica, completezza e affidabilità operativa del workflow per elementi non rilevabili direttamente da terra o da coperture accessibili. I modelli 3D risultanti supportano un’analisi tipologica dei comignoli di Mantova, descrivendone le caratteristiche morfologiche, costruttive e funzionali e collegandole a un sistema informativo strutturato. I risultati indicano che la fotogrammetria UAV a basso costo, integrata con strumenti HBIM e GIS, costituisce una strategia affidabile e replicabile per la documentazione di dettagli architettonici minori e inaccessibili, con livelli di accuratezza compatibili con attività di documentazione e analisi del patrimonio su piccola scala, delineando al contempo un quadro metodologico trasferibile ad altri elementi di copertura minori ma culturalmente significativi in contesti urbani storici.
A methodology for documenting minor and inaccessible architectural elements: study of roof chimneys in Mantova
Tharani Kumar, Vimalkumar
2024/2025
Abstract
Methodology for a digital workflow for the survey, modelling and documentation of minor and inaccessible architectural elements is developed and tested in this thesis, focusing on roof chimneys of selected historical buildings managed by Lombardia Beni Culturali within the UNESCO core zone of Mantova. It addresses the technical, logistical and economic limits of conventional survey methods, such as terrestrial laser scanning and classical topographic instruments, when applied to small, elevated and fragile roof components that are difficult or unsafe to reach. To overcome these constraints, the research adopts a lightweight commercial a Unmanned Aerial Vechile (UAV) and image‑based photogrammetry to generate metrically reliable 3D data with reduced operational costs. The proposed workflow integrates UAV‑based image acquisition and Structure‑from‑Motion processing with low‑budget solutions for image capture and processing, followed by modelling in an Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) environment and Geographic Information System (GIS) based spatial organisation and management of the surveyed elements within the historic urban fabric. A selected sample of roof chimneys, identified through GIS analysis and preliminary photographic reconnaissance, is used to evaluate the geometric accuracy, completeness and operational reliability of the workflow for elements that cannot be surveyed directly from the ground or accessible roofs. The resulting 3D models support a typological analysis of Mantova’s roof chimneys, describing their morphological, constructive and functional characteristics and linking them to a structured information system. The results indicate that low‑cost UAV photogrammetry, when integrated with HBIM and GIS tools, provides a reliable and replicable strategy for documenting minor and inaccessible architectural details, achieving accuracy levels compatible with small‑scale heritage documentation and analysis tasks, and outlining a transferable framework for other minor yet culturally significant roof elements in historic urban contexts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Tharani_Boards.pdf
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88.29 MB
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88.29 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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2026_03_Tharani_Book.pdf
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66.1 MB
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66.1 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252171