The growing need to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and to diversify energy sources has increased interest in renewable gaseous fuels. In this framework, biological conversion of syngas produced by biomass gasification represents a promising route for both waste valorization and renewable energy production stored in the form of biomethane, which is easier to store, transport, and integrate into the current gas infrastructure than syngas. This thesis evaluates, at laboratory scale, the ex-situ biomethanation of CO-containing gas mixtures, using anaerobic digestate as starting inoculum. Particular attention is devoted to microbial response to CO exposure and gas–liquid mass transfer limitations. Fed-batch tests showed carboxydotrophic activity of the microbial consortium, which progressively enriched and became able to completely consume CO– either as the sole substrate or coupled with H2 (initial COD dose: 0.69 gCOD per L of working volume, in both cases)– producing CH4. Experiments with continuous gas injection (COD load: 1.03 gCOD/L/d when CO was supplied alone or with H2 and 0.88 gCOD/L/d when CO2 was also present in the mixture) confirmed the process feasibility and highlighted the beneficial role of hydrogen addition, which increased methane production (0.30 LNCH4/gCOD) compared to when CO was the sole energy and carbon source (0.15 LNCH4/gCOD). Preliminary stable carbon isotope analyses were also conducted, laying the baseline for future studies aimed at identifying quantitatively the dominant metabolic pathways involved in CO conversion. Comparison between gas conversion and transfer efficiencies demonstrated that microbial kinetics were not the main limitation of the process. Instead, process performance was controlled by the limited transfer of poorly soluble gases (CO and H2) from the gas phase to the liquid phase. The hydrogen mass transfer study showed that liquid composition affected the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. In particular, results show an increase in the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient with increasing liquid complexity. A biological enhancement factor of approximately 25 was also estimated, confirming the hypothesis that microbial consumption of dissolved hydrogen accelerates its transfer.
La crescente necessità di ridurre le emissioni di gas serra e di diversificare le fonti energetiche ha aumentato l’interesse verso i gas combustibili rinnovabili. In questo contesto, la conversione biologica del syngas prodotto dalla gassificazione della biomassa rappresenta una via promettente, sia per la valorizzazione dei rifiuti sia per la produzione di energia rinnovabile nella forma di biometano, il quale è più facile da immagazzinare, trasportare e integrare nelle infrastrutture esistenti rispetto al syngas. Questa tesi valuta, su scala di laboratorio, la biometanazione ex-situ di miscele gassose contenenti CO, utilizzando il digestato anaerobico come inoculo iniziale. Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta alla risposta microbica all’esposizione a CO e alle limitazioni del trasferimento gas-liquido. I test in fed-batch hanno evidenziato attività carbossidotrofica del consorzio microbico, che si è progressivamente arricchito fino a consumare completamente il CO— fornito sia come unico substrato sia in combinazione con H2 (carico di COD iniziale: 0.69 gCOD per L di volume di lavoro, in entrambi i casi)— producendo CH4. Gli esperimenti con gas in continuo (carico di COD: 1.03 gCOD/L/d quando il CO era fornito da solo o insieme a H2, e 0.88 gCOD/L/d quando nella miscela era presente anche CO2) hanno confermato la fattibilità del processo e hanno evidenziato il ruolo positivo dell’aggiunta di idrogeno, che ha aumentato la produzione di metano (0.30 LNCH4/gCOD) rispetto a quando il CO era l’unica fonte di energia e carbonio (0.15 LNCH4/gCOD). Sono state inoltre condotte analisi preliminari degli isotopi stabili del carbonio, che hanno posto la base per studi futuri, volti a identificare quantitativamente i percorsi metabolici dominanti coinvolti nella conversione del CO. Il confronto tra efficienza di conversione ed efficienza di trasferimento dei gas ha dimostrato che la cinetica microbica non rappresenta il principale limite del processo. Al contrario, le prestazioni del processo sono controllate dal limitato trasferimento dei gas poco solubili (CO e H2) dalla fase gassosa a quella liquida. Lo studio sul trasferimento di massa dell’idrogeno ha evidenziato che la composizione del liquido può influenzare il coefficiente volumetrico di trasferimento di massa. In particolare, i risultati mostrano un aumento del coefficiente di trasferimento gas-liquido con l’incremento della complessità del liquido. È stato inoltre stimato un fattore di "enhancement" biologico pari a circa 25, confermando l’ipotesi che il consumo microbico dell’idrogeno disciolto accelera il suo trasferimento alla fase liquida.
Experimental assessment of carbon monoxide biomethanation and hydrogen mass transfer in anaerobic systems
VERGA, CHIARA
2024/2025
Abstract
The growing need to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and to diversify energy sources has increased interest in renewable gaseous fuels. In this framework, biological conversion of syngas produced by biomass gasification represents a promising route for both waste valorization and renewable energy production stored in the form of biomethane, which is easier to store, transport, and integrate into the current gas infrastructure than syngas. This thesis evaluates, at laboratory scale, the ex-situ biomethanation of CO-containing gas mixtures, using anaerobic digestate as starting inoculum. Particular attention is devoted to microbial response to CO exposure and gas–liquid mass transfer limitations. Fed-batch tests showed carboxydotrophic activity of the microbial consortium, which progressively enriched and became able to completely consume CO– either as the sole substrate or coupled with H2 (initial COD dose: 0.69 gCOD per L of working volume, in both cases)– producing CH4. Experiments with continuous gas injection (COD load: 1.03 gCOD/L/d when CO was supplied alone or with H2 and 0.88 gCOD/L/d when CO2 was also present in the mixture) confirmed the process feasibility and highlighted the beneficial role of hydrogen addition, which increased methane production (0.30 LNCH4/gCOD) compared to when CO was the sole energy and carbon source (0.15 LNCH4/gCOD). Preliminary stable carbon isotope analyses were also conducted, laying the baseline for future studies aimed at identifying quantitatively the dominant metabolic pathways involved in CO conversion. Comparison between gas conversion and transfer efficiencies demonstrated that microbial kinetics were not the main limitation of the process. Instead, process performance was controlled by the limited transfer of poorly soluble gases (CO and H2) from the gas phase to the liquid phase. The hydrogen mass transfer study showed that liquid composition affected the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. In particular, results show an increase in the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient with increasing liquid complexity. A biological enhancement factor of approximately 25 was also estimated, confirming the hypothesis that microbial consumption of dissolved hydrogen accelerates its transfer.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252210