According to estimates elaborated in 2022 by the United Nations, more than 3 billion people were expected to need adequate housing by 2030. However, this threshold has been reached well in advance. The most recent data from UN-Habitat indicate that around 2.8 billion individuals currently live in inadequate housing conditions, lacking security, sufficient living space, basic services, or guarantees of tenure. Housing distress thus emerges as a structural issue that cannot be addressed through temporary solutions and represents a complex challenge for local administrations, which are often unable to respond effectively to the qualitative and quantitative needs of the most vulnerable segments of the population. In this context, self-building emerges as a possible direct and alternative response to the housing crisis. In its general definition, self-building is a participatory process in which housing production takes place through the direct and material involvement of the inhabitants, fostering the sharing of knowledge and construction methods. It is based on a cooperative model that enables future residents to become active protagonists of the building process, assuming the role of builders of their own homes. This practice ensures a high quality of intervention alongside significant economic savings. Self-building is an ancient practice, capable of transmitting artisanal knowledge and assuming a social relevance that goes beyond purely technical aspects. It represents a process deeply rooted in the territory, oriented toward principles of sustainability, circularity, and care for the social and natural environment, often in contrast with a construction sector dominated solely by economic considerations. Self-building does not respond exclusively to a quantitative demand for housing, but also proposes a cultural reflection on the meaning of dwelling, understood as the relationship between building and inhabiting space. It thus becomes an educational and collective process, capable of strengthening a sense of belonging, promoting cooperation, and democratizing knowledge related to architecture and construction. In various global contexts, self-building has demonstrated its ability to provide economically accessible housing solutions that respect sociocultural specificities and offer alternatives to traditional housing policies. In Italy, however, this practice has experienced limited diffusion, mainly due to regulatory constraints that make total self-building impracticable, requiring the involvement of qualified technical professionals. The research work is situated within this framework, analyzing the evolution of self-building at the international level and its decline in Italy, and subsequently proposing a design prototype based on construction simplicity, resource savings, and environmental sustainability. The title “atypical” originates from the post-earthquake reconstruction experience of 1985 in Mexico City, where, alongside the official program of the Renovación Habitacional Popular, self-managed projects based on community participation were developed. In this context, “atypical” does not indicate irregularity, but rather a conscious alternative to standardized models, capable of integrating social, cultural, and ecological dimensions. Self-building thus reveals itself as a consolidated historical technique, grounded in values of cooperation, utility, and community. The juxtaposition between the term “atypical” and self-building highlights the transformation of a widespread and shared practice into a solution that is now marginal and limited to specific contexts, yet still capable of offering concrete and culturally meaningful responses to the problem of dwelling.
Secondo stime elaborate nel 2022 dalle Nazioni Unite, oltre 3 miliardi di persone avrebbero avuto bisogno di un alloggio adeguato entro il 2030. Tuttavia, tale soglia è stata raggiunta con largo anticipo. I dati più recenti di UN-Habitat indicano che circa 2,8 miliardi di individui vivono oggi in condizioni abitative inadeguate, prive di sicurezza, spazio sufficiente, servizi di base o garanzie di possesso. Il disagio abitativo emerge quindi come una questione strutturale, non risolvibile attraverso soluzioni temporanee, e rappresenta una sfida complessa per le amministrazioni locali, spesso incapaci di rispondere in modo efficace alle esigenze qualitative e quantitative delle fasce più vulnerabili della popolazione. In questo contesto, l’autocostruzione si configura come una possibile risposta diretta e alternativa alla crisi abitativa. Nella sua definizione generale, l’autocostruzione è un processo partecipativo in cui la produzione dell’alloggio avviene attraverso il coinvolgimento diretto e materiale degli abitanti, favorendo la condivisione dei saperi e delle modalità costruttive. Essa si fonda su un modello cooperativo che consente ai futuri abitanti di diventare protagonisti attivi del processo edilizio, assumendo il ruolo di realizzatori della propria abitazione. Tale pratica garantisce un’elevata qualità dell’intervento e un significativo risparmio economico. L’autocostruzione è una pratica di origine antica, capace di trasmettere conoscenze artigianali e di assumere una rilevanza sociale che va oltre l’aspetto tecnico. Essa rappresenta un processo radicato nel territorio, orientato a logiche di sostenibilità, circolarità e cura dell’ambiente sociale e naturale, spesso in contrasto con un settore edilizio dominato dalla sola variabile economica. L’autocostruzione non risponde esclusivamente a una domanda quantitativa di alloggi, ma propone una riflessione culturale sul significato dell’abitare, inteso come relazione tra costruire e vivere lo spazio. L’autocostruzione diventa così un processo educativo e collettivo, capace di rafforzare il senso di appartenenza, promuovere la cooperazione e democratizzare le conoscenze legate all’architettura e alla costruzione. L’autocostruzione ha dimostrato, in diversi contesti globali, la capacità di offrire soluzioni abitative economicamente accessibili, rispettose delle specificità socioculturali e alternative alle politiche abitative tradizionali. In Italia questa pratica ha conosciuto una diffusione limitata, principalmente a causa dei vincoli normativi che rendono impraticabile l’autocostruzione totale, richiedendo il supporto di figure tecniche qualificate. Il lavoro di ricerca si inserisce in questo quadro, analizzando l’evoluzione dell’autocostruzione a livello internazionale e il suo declino in Italia, per poi proporre un prototipo progettuale fondato su semplicità costruttiva, risparmio di risorse e sostenibilità ambientale. Il titolo “atipico” trova origine nell’esperienza di ricostruzione post-sismica del 1985 a Città del Messico, dove, accanto al programma ufficiale della Renovación Habitacional Popular, si svilupparono progetti autogestiti basati sulla partecipazione comunitaria. In questo contesto, “atipico” non indica irregolarità, ma una scelta consapevole alternativa ai modelli standardizzati, capace di integrare dimensioni sociali, culturali ed ecologiche. L’autocostruzione si rivela quindi una tecnica storica consolidata, fondata su valori di cooperazione, utilità e comunità. La contrapposizione tra il termine “atipico” e l’autocostruzione evidenzia la trasformazione di una pratica diffusa e condivisa in una soluzione oggi marginale, riservata a contesti specifici, ma ancora capace di offrire risposte concrete e culturalmente significative al problema dell’abitare.
Atipico: l'autocostruzione come approccio critico al costruire contemporaneo
Rizzo, Niccolò;Lorello, Simone
2024/2025
Abstract
According to estimates elaborated in 2022 by the United Nations, more than 3 billion people were expected to need adequate housing by 2030. However, this threshold has been reached well in advance. The most recent data from UN-Habitat indicate that around 2.8 billion individuals currently live in inadequate housing conditions, lacking security, sufficient living space, basic services, or guarantees of tenure. Housing distress thus emerges as a structural issue that cannot be addressed through temporary solutions and represents a complex challenge for local administrations, which are often unable to respond effectively to the qualitative and quantitative needs of the most vulnerable segments of the population. In this context, self-building emerges as a possible direct and alternative response to the housing crisis. In its general definition, self-building is a participatory process in which housing production takes place through the direct and material involvement of the inhabitants, fostering the sharing of knowledge and construction methods. It is based on a cooperative model that enables future residents to become active protagonists of the building process, assuming the role of builders of their own homes. This practice ensures a high quality of intervention alongside significant economic savings. Self-building is an ancient practice, capable of transmitting artisanal knowledge and assuming a social relevance that goes beyond purely technical aspects. It represents a process deeply rooted in the territory, oriented toward principles of sustainability, circularity, and care for the social and natural environment, often in contrast with a construction sector dominated solely by economic considerations. Self-building does not respond exclusively to a quantitative demand for housing, but also proposes a cultural reflection on the meaning of dwelling, understood as the relationship between building and inhabiting space. It thus becomes an educational and collective process, capable of strengthening a sense of belonging, promoting cooperation, and democratizing knowledge related to architecture and construction. In various global contexts, self-building has demonstrated its ability to provide economically accessible housing solutions that respect sociocultural specificities and offer alternatives to traditional housing policies. In Italy, however, this practice has experienced limited diffusion, mainly due to regulatory constraints that make total self-building impracticable, requiring the involvement of qualified technical professionals. The research work is situated within this framework, analyzing the evolution of self-building at the international level and its decline in Italy, and subsequently proposing a design prototype based on construction simplicity, resource savings, and environmental sustainability. The title “atypical” originates from the post-earthquake reconstruction experience of 1985 in Mexico City, where, alongside the official program of the Renovación Habitacional Popular, self-managed projects based on community participation were developed. In this context, “atypical” does not indicate irregularity, but rather a conscious alternative to standardized models, capable of integrating social, cultural, and ecological dimensions. Self-building thus reveals itself as a consolidated historical technique, grounded in values of cooperation, utility, and community. The juxtaposition between the term “atypical” and self-building highlights the transformation of a widespread and shared practice into a solution that is now marginal and limited to specific contexts, yet still capable of offering concrete and culturally meaningful responses to the problem of dwelling.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Lorello_Rizzo_01.pdf
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2026_03_Lorello_Rizzo_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252212