This thesis investigates the dynamics of orchestration and commercialization of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), analyzed in its capacity as General Purpose Technology (GPT). Although economic literature has extensively covered the macroeconomic effects of GPT, the microeconomic perspective relating to the strategic choices of individual companies remains largely unexplored. The research question aims to understand how and why key players strategically govern the commercialization of GenAI, navigating the structural tensions between value creation and its effective appropriation. The research adopts a qualitative approach based on exploratory multiple case studies, focusing on OpenAI, Google, and Meta, selected as global benchmarks capable of determining the evolution of the entire technology category. Data analysis, conducted through the application of Gioia's methodology, allowed us to distill empirical evidence into an interpretative framework articulated across three main dimensions. The results highlight, first, the importance of technological complementarities, where the management of critical infrastructure pushes providers towards hybrid configurations ranging from in-house development of proprietary chips and data centers to strategic partnerships, even with rival companies, and targeted acquisitions. Secondly, in terms of market strategies, the classic dichotomy between upstream specialization and downstream integration is being overcome: industry leaders are simultaneously pursuing models of Specialization in Generality and Synergistic Downstream Entry, combining generalist products with vertical solutions tailored to specific industrial domains. In this way, suppliers are able to balance the capillarity of the generalist platform with the extraction of value in specific segments. This dynamic makes it possible to overcome the traditional “complementary resource constraint” (Teece, 1986) thanks to the purely digital nature of the technology, its self-learning capabilities, and the central role of natural language processing (NLP). Finally, the survey highlights the crucial role of non-market strategies, in which strategic coopetition between rivals becomes a structural operational necessity, rather than a mere transitory one, to define ethical standards, security protocols, and common infrastructures, thus ensuring the institutional legitimacy necessary for the diffusion of technology. The analysis conducted converges in outlining a leadership of the GenAI ecosystem that is subordinate to the ability to synergistically orchestrate the three dimensions identified. Such coordination transforms competitive frictions into vectors of systemic innovation, allowing key players not only to govern the evolution of technology, but also to consolidate positions of technological lock-in in the long term.
La presente tesi indaga le dinamiche di orchestrazione e commercializzazione dell'Intelligenza Artificiale Generativa (GenAI), analizzata nella sua veste di General Purpose Technology (GPT). Nonostante la letteratura economica abbia ampiamente trattato gli effetti macroeconomici delle GPT, rimane ancora poco esplorata la prospettiva microeconomica relativa alle scelte strategiche delle singole imprese. L'interrogativo di ricerca mira a comprendere come e perché gli attori focali governino strategicamente la commercializzazione della GenAI, navigando le tensioni strutturali tra la creazione di valore e la sua effettiva appropriazione. La ricerca adotta un approccio qualitativo basato sullo studio di caso multiplo di stampo esplorativo, focalizzandosi su OpenAI, Google e Meta, selezionati come benchmark globali in grado di determinare l'evoluzione dell'intera categoria tecnologica. L'analisi dei dati, condotta attraverso l'applicazione della metodologia di Gioia, ha permesso di distillare le evidenze empiriche in un framework interpretativo articolato su tre dimensioni principali. I risultati evidenziano, in primo luogo, l'importanza delle complementarità tecnologiche, dove la gestione delle infrastrutture critiche spinge i provider verso configurazioni ibride che spaziano dallo sviluppo interno di chip e data center proprietari a partnership strategiche, anche con aziende rivali, e acquisizioni mirate. In secondo luogo, sul piano delle strategie di mercato, emerge il superamento della dicotomia classica tra specializzazione a monte e integrazione a valle: i leader del settore perseguono simultaneamente modelli di Specialization in Generality e Synergistic Downstream Entry, combinando prodotti generalisti con soluzioni verticali adattate a specifici domini industriali. In questo modo, i fornitori riescono a bilanciare la capillarità della piattaforma generalista con l'estrazione di valore in segmenti specifici. Tale dinamica permette di superare il tradizionale "vincolo delle risorse complementari" (Teece, 1986) grazie alla natura puramente digitale della tecnologia, alle sue capacità di self-learning e al ruolo centrale dell'elaborazione del linguaggio naturale (NLP). Infine, l'indagine mette in luce il ruolo cruciale delle strategie non-market, in cui la strategic coopetition tra rivali diventa una necessità operativa strutturale, e non meramente transitoria, per definire standard etici, protocolli di sicurezza e infrastrutture comuni, garantendo così la legittimità istituzionale necessaria alla diffusione della tecnologia. L'analisi condotta converge nel delineare una leadership dell'ecosistema GenAI subordinata alla capacità di orchestrare sinergicamente le tre dimensioni individuate. Tale coordinamento trasforma le frizioni competitive in vettori di innovazione sistemica, permettendo agli attori principali non solo di governare l'evoluzione della tecnologia, ma di consolidare nel lungo periodo posizioni di lock-in tecnologico.
Commercialization strategies of a General Purpose Technology: the Generative AI case
PALAZZO, MIRYAM FRANCESCA;GIACHETTI, GREGORIO
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis investigates the dynamics of orchestration and commercialization of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), analyzed in its capacity as General Purpose Technology (GPT). Although economic literature has extensively covered the macroeconomic effects of GPT, the microeconomic perspective relating to the strategic choices of individual companies remains largely unexplored. The research question aims to understand how and why key players strategically govern the commercialization of GenAI, navigating the structural tensions between value creation and its effective appropriation. The research adopts a qualitative approach based on exploratory multiple case studies, focusing on OpenAI, Google, and Meta, selected as global benchmarks capable of determining the evolution of the entire technology category. Data analysis, conducted through the application of Gioia's methodology, allowed us to distill empirical evidence into an interpretative framework articulated across three main dimensions. The results highlight, first, the importance of technological complementarities, where the management of critical infrastructure pushes providers towards hybrid configurations ranging from in-house development of proprietary chips and data centers to strategic partnerships, even with rival companies, and targeted acquisitions. Secondly, in terms of market strategies, the classic dichotomy between upstream specialization and downstream integration is being overcome: industry leaders are simultaneously pursuing models of Specialization in Generality and Synergistic Downstream Entry, combining generalist products with vertical solutions tailored to specific industrial domains. In this way, suppliers are able to balance the capillarity of the generalist platform with the extraction of value in specific segments. This dynamic makes it possible to overcome the traditional “complementary resource constraint” (Teece, 1986) thanks to the purely digital nature of the technology, its self-learning capabilities, and the central role of natural language processing (NLP). Finally, the survey highlights the crucial role of non-market strategies, in which strategic coopetition between rivals becomes a structural operational necessity, rather than a mere transitory one, to define ethical standards, security protocols, and common infrastructures, thus ensuring the institutional legitimacy necessary for the diffusion of technology. The analysis conducted converges in outlining a leadership of the GenAI ecosystem that is subordinate to the ability to synergistically orchestrate the three dimensions identified. Such coordination transforms competitive frictions into vectors of systemic innovation, allowing key players not only to govern the evolution of technology, but also to consolidate positions of technological lock-in in the long term.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252296