The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems, motivating the adoption of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which provides information-theoretic security based on the laws of quantum mechanics. However, integrating QKD into existing optical networks remains challenging due to the coexistence of high-power classical traffic and weak quantum signals, mainly affected by Spontaneous Raman Scattering. This thesis investigates the deployment of discrete variable QKD systems in hybrid metropolitan optical networks composed of Standard Single-Mode Fibers (SSMF) and Hollow-Core Fibers (HCF). Owing to their reduced light–matter interaction, HCF links significantly mitigate Raman noise, improving quantum signal propagation conditions. The analysis is performed through a network-aware simulation framework that combines physical-layer modeling, finite-key Secret Key Rate (SKR) evaluation, and network-level constraints. A genetic optimization algorithm is used to assess partial HCF deployment strategies under realistic budget limitations and trusted-node placement constraints. The results reveal two distinct operational regimes. Under nominal link-length scaling (1×), selective HCF deployment reduces infrastructure cost while maintaining high service performance. Under stressed link-length scaling (4×), characterized by higher losses and stronger Raman impact, HCF deployment plays an enabling role by reducing path segmentation and improving provisioning sustainability. Budget analysis further shows that a strategically optimized partial upgrade can capture most of the performance gains achievable through full infrastructure replacement. Overall, this work provides a systemic assessment of QKD integration in hybrid optical networks, highlighting the trade-off between infrastructure cost, security constraints, and achievable performance.
L’evoluzione del calcolo quantistico rappresenta una minaccia per i sistemi crittografici classici, rendendo necessarie soluzioni alternative come la Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), che garantisce sicurezza basata sulle leggi della meccanica quantistica. Tuttavia, l’integrazione della QKD nelle reti ottiche esistenti è ostacolata dalla coesistenza tra traffico classico ad alta potenza e segnali quantistici deboli, principalmente a causa del rumore da Spontaneous Raman Scattering. Questa tesi analizza l’integrazione di sistemi QKD a variabile discreta in reti metropolitane ibride composte da fibre monomodali standard (SSMF) e Hollow-Core Fibers (HCF). Le HCF, grazie alla ridotta interazione luce-materia, mitigano significativamente il rumore Raman, migliorando le prestazioni del canale quantistico. L’analisi è condotta mediante un simulatore network-aware che integra modelli fisici, valutazione della Secret Key Rate (SKR) in regime finite-key e vincoli di rete. Il framework, basato su un algoritmo genetico, consente di valutare strategie di deployment parziale delle HCF sotto vincoli realistici di budget e di posizionamento dei nodi trusted. I risultati evidenziano due regimi operativi distinti. Nello scenario nominale (1×), un deployment selettivo delle HCF riduce il costo infrastrutturale mantenendo ele- vate prestazioni. Nello scenario scalato (4×), caratterizzato da maggiori perdite e impatto più critico del rumore, l’HCF assume un ruolo abilitante, migliorando la sostenibilità del provisioning e riducendo la segmentazione dei percorsi. L’analisi del budget mostra inoltre che un aggiornamento parziale e ottimizzato consente di ottenere gran parte dei benefici rispetto a una sostituzione completa della rete. Il lavoro fornisce una valutazione sistemica dell’integrazione della QKD in reti ottiche ibride, evidenziando il compromesso tra costo, vincoli di sicurezza e prestazioni ottenibili.
QKD and classical communication coexistence enabled by Hollow-Core Fibers
De RIENZO, GIUSEPPE
2024/2025
Abstract
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems, motivating the adoption of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which provides information-theoretic security based on the laws of quantum mechanics. However, integrating QKD into existing optical networks remains challenging due to the coexistence of high-power classical traffic and weak quantum signals, mainly affected by Spontaneous Raman Scattering. This thesis investigates the deployment of discrete variable QKD systems in hybrid metropolitan optical networks composed of Standard Single-Mode Fibers (SSMF) and Hollow-Core Fibers (HCF). Owing to their reduced light–matter interaction, HCF links significantly mitigate Raman noise, improving quantum signal propagation conditions. The analysis is performed through a network-aware simulation framework that combines physical-layer modeling, finite-key Secret Key Rate (SKR) evaluation, and network-level constraints. A genetic optimization algorithm is used to assess partial HCF deployment strategies under realistic budget limitations and trusted-node placement constraints. The results reveal two distinct operational regimes. Under nominal link-length scaling (1×), selective HCF deployment reduces infrastructure cost while maintaining high service performance. Under stressed link-length scaling (4×), characterized by higher losses and stronger Raman impact, HCF deployment plays an enabling role by reducing path segmentation and improving provisioning sustainability. Budget analysis further shows that a strategically optimized partial upgrade can capture most of the performance gains achievable through full infrastructure replacement. Overall, this work provides a systemic assessment of QKD integration in hybrid optical networks, highlighting the trade-off between infrastructure cost, security constraints, and achievable performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252334