Emergency response is often understood through its most visible endpoints—ambulances, helicopters, and rescuers on scene—yet the chain of care begins earlier, in Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs), where a caller’s chaotic narrative is translated into coordinated action. This thesis argues that dispatch is fundamentally a systemic and socio-technical challenge: in the earliest moments of an emergency, clinical decision-making is mediated through information practices that are time-sensitive, incomplete, and emotionally charged. The quality of the response depends on how reliably the entire socio-technical system turns this uncertainty into shared operational clarity. Despite the centrality of Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) systems, the operational realities of dispatch work remain sparsely documented and are frequently constrained by proprietary, engineering-driven platforms that lack a holistic, systemic design perspective. The research adopts an ethnographic methodology, grounded in multi-sited fieldwork across Italian emergency contexts. Through in-situ observation of PSAPs, ground-based services, and helicopter operations, the study examines how operators actually work beyond formal protocols: constructing situational understanding under uncertainty, coordinating across multiple agencies, and managing interruptions and fragmented information. Translating these field findings into an implemented design artifact, the thesis proposes a multi-display CAD software prototype. This artifact marks a shift from a passive, documentation-centric repository to an active, process-oriented instrument. Treating dispatch as a stateful process, the prototype supports progressive completion rather than rigid, linear workflows. Its contribution is a field-grounded interaction model that reduces cognitive load and repetition, improves shared visibility across actors, and provides selective assistance—automating structural checks so operators can focus on clinically informed judgment. Validated through scenario-based evaluation and iterative feedback with professionals, this work illustrates how ethnographically grounded design can strengthen systemic resilience, shaping the very conditions under which life-saving decisions are made.
Gli interventi d’emergenza vengono spesso raccontati attraverso i loro momenti più visibili — l’ambulanza che arriva, l’elicottero in volo, i soccorritori sul posto. Eppure, la catena del soccorso inizia prima, nei Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs), dove narrazioni frammentate e concitate vengono decifrate e trasformate in azione coordinata. Questa tesi sostiene che il dispatch rappresenti una sfida prima di tutto sistemica e socio-tecnica: nei primissimi minuti di un'emergenza, le decisioni cliniche sono mediate da pratiche di gestione dell'informazione soggette a forti limiti di tempo, incompletezza e stress emotivo. La qualità della risposta dipende dall'affidabilità con cui l'intero sistema socio-tecnico trasforma questa incertezza in chiarezza operativa condivisa. Nonostante la centralità dei sistemi di Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD), le dinamiche operative all'interno delle centrali sono scarsamente documentate e spesso vincolate a piattaforme proprietarie a trazione ingegneristica, prive di una reale prospettiva di design sistemico. La ricerca adotta una metodologia etnografica, basata su un'indagine sul campo multi-sito in diversi contesti italiani dell'emergenza. Attraverso l'immersione in ambienti operativi — centrali PSAP, stazioni di soccorso e basi HEMS — lo studio analizza il lavoro reale oltre i protocolli formali: come gli operatori costruiscono la comprensione situazionale, coordinano più enti e gestiscono interruzioni e frammentazione informativa in condizioni di incertezza. Traducendo questi risultati in un artefatto di design, la tesi propone un prototipo di software CAD. Il progetto segna il passaggio da un'interazione passiva, incentrata sulla mera documentazione, a uno strumento attivo e orientato al processo. Trattando il dispatch come un processo stateful (in continua evoluzione), il prototipo supporta una compilazione progressiva anziché sequenze rigide e lineari. Il suo contributo è un modello di interazione fondato sulla ricerca sul campo, mirato a ridurre il carico cognitivo e le ripetizioni, aumentare la visibilità condivisa tra gli attori e fornire un'assistenza selettiva, permettendo agli operatori di concentrarsi sul giudizio clinico. Validato attraverso valutazioni basate su scenari e feedback iterativi con i professionisti, questo lavoro dimostra come un design fondato sull'etnografia possa rafforzare la resilienza sistemica, modellando le condizioni stesse in cui vengono prese decisioni critiche.
Design for emergency : designing dispatch systems for medical and mountain rescue operations
Malausa, Giovanni
2024/2025
Abstract
Emergency response is often understood through its most visible endpoints—ambulances, helicopters, and rescuers on scene—yet the chain of care begins earlier, in Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs), where a caller’s chaotic narrative is translated into coordinated action. This thesis argues that dispatch is fundamentally a systemic and socio-technical challenge: in the earliest moments of an emergency, clinical decision-making is mediated through information practices that are time-sensitive, incomplete, and emotionally charged. The quality of the response depends on how reliably the entire socio-technical system turns this uncertainty into shared operational clarity. Despite the centrality of Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) systems, the operational realities of dispatch work remain sparsely documented and are frequently constrained by proprietary, engineering-driven platforms that lack a holistic, systemic design perspective. The research adopts an ethnographic methodology, grounded in multi-sited fieldwork across Italian emergency contexts. Through in-situ observation of PSAPs, ground-based services, and helicopter operations, the study examines how operators actually work beyond formal protocols: constructing situational understanding under uncertainty, coordinating across multiple agencies, and managing interruptions and fragmented information. Translating these field findings into an implemented design artifact, the thesis proposes a multi-display CAD software prototype. This artifact marks a shift from a passive, documentation-centric repository to an active, process-oriented instrument. Treating dispatch as a stateful process, the prototype supports progressive completion rather than rigid, linear workflows. Its contribution is a field-grounded interaction model that reduces cognitive load and repetition, improves shared visibility across actors, and provides selective assistance—automating structural checks so operators can focus on clinically informed judgment. Validated through scenario-based evaluation and iterative feedback with professionals, this work illustrates how ethnographically grounded design can strengthen systemic resilience, shaping the very conditions under which life-saving decisions are made.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Malausa_v1.pdf
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2026_03_Malausa_v2.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252346