Industrial and commercial rooftops are a natural location for photovoltaic (PV) installations, but they often impose constraints on tilt, spacing and clearance that can penalise performance and limit the benefit of bifacial modules. This thesis presents an experimental comparison of four commercial PV technologies (Nova Duetto, Rhino, Sunpower Maxeon and Velvet Pro) installed on an industrial rooftop test bench and operated under realistic outdoor conditions. The study is based on three measurement campaigns carried out in 2025, in which different combinations of monofacial and bifacial modules were connected to a multi-channel I-V acquisition system. For each module, instantaneous conversion efficiency was computed from the measured maximum power point, place-of-array irradiance and back-surface temperature. The experimental data were then analysed using four complementary indicators: daily efficiency profiles as a function of local time, efficiency versus back-surface temperature, performance at the 20 hottest operating points, and direct comparisons between modules and the same hardware with the rear side temporarily covered. The results show that the monofacial Rhino modules provide a consistent reference baseline and, under the tested rooftop conditions, achieve higher efficiency than the SunPower Maxson. Nova modules exhibit a moderate but systematic gain when operated in bifacial mode, with the bifacial configuration delivering higher efficiency than the covered Nova under identical conditions. The Velvet Pro bifacial module demonstrates consistently the highest efficiency across the investigated temperature range, preserves a significant advantage under the hottest operating points, and exhibits a bifacial gain of the order of 1.5-2 percentage compared with its covered configuration. Overall, the experiments indicate that, for the rooftop configuration examined in this work, bifacial Velvet modules offer the best combined performance in terms of baseline efficiency, temperature behaviour and bifacial benefit, and therefore appear as a particularly suitable option for thermally demanding industrial rooftops.
I tetti industriali e commerciali sono una posizione naturale per le installazioni fotovoltaiche (FV), ma spesso impongono vincoli di inclinazione, spaziatura e spazio libero che possono penalizzare le prestazioni e limitare i benefici dei moduli bifacciali. Questa tesi presenta un confronto sperimentale di quattro tecnologie fotovoltaiche commerciali (Nova Duetto, Rhino, Sunpower Maxeon e Velvet Pro) installate su un banco prova su tetto industriale e utilizzate in condizioni esterne realistiche. Lo studio si basa su tre campagne di misurazione condotte nel 2025, in cui diverse combinazioni di moduli monofacciali e bifacciali sono state collegate a un sistema di acquisizione I-V multicanale. Per ciascun modulo, l'efficienza di conversione istantanea è stata calcolata a partire dal punto di massima potenza misurato, dall'irradianza del luogo di installazione e dalla temperatura della superficie posteriore. I dati sperimentali sono stati quindi analizzati utilizzando quattro indicatori complementari: profili di efficienza giornaliera in funzione dell'ora locale, efficienza in funzione della temperatura della superficie posteriore, prestazioni nei 20 punti operativi più caldi e confronti diretti tra moduli e lo stesso hardware con il lato posteriore temporaneamente coperto. I risultati mostrano che i moduli monofacciali Rhino forniscono una base di riferimento costante e, nelle condizioni di tetto testate, raggiungono un'efficienza superiore rispetto ai moduli SunPower Maxson. I moduli Nova mostrano un guadagno moderato ma sistematico quando utilizzati in modalità bifacciale, con la configurazione bifacciale che offre un'efficienza superiore rispetto ai moduli Nova coperti a parità di condizioni. Il modulo bifacciale Velvet Pro dimostra costantemente la massima efficienza nell'intervallo di temperatura studiato, mantiene un vantaggio significativo nei punti operativi più caldi e mostra un guadagno bifacciale dell'ordine dell'1,5-2% rispetto alla sua configurazione coperta. Nel complesso, gli esperimenti indicano che, per la configurazione di tetto esaminata in questo lavoro, i moduli bifacciali Velvet offrono la migliore combinazione di prestazioni in termini di efficienza di base, comportamento in temperatura e beneficio bifacciale, e pertanto si presentano come un'opzione particolarmente adatta per tetti industriali termicamente esigenti.
Experimental performance comparison of different monofacial and bifacial PV modules in outdoor conditions
OLIVERAS BAQUÉ, DANIELA
2025/2026
Abstract
Industrial and commercial rooftops are a natural location for photovoltaic (PV) installations, but they often impose constraints on tilt, spacing and clearance that can penalise performance and limit the benefit of bifacial modules. This thesis presents an experimental comparison of four commercial PV technologies (Nova Duetto, Rhino, Sunpower Maxeon and Velvet Pro) installed on an industrial rooftop test bench and operated under realistic outdoor conditions. The study is based on three measurement campaigns carried out in 2025, in which different combinations of monofacial and bifacial modules were connected to a multi-channel I-V acquisition system. For each module, instantaneous conversion efficiency was computed from the measured maximum power point, place-of-array irradiance and back-surface temperature. The experimental data were then analysed using four complementary indicators: daily efficiency profiles as a function of local time, efficiency versus back-surface temperature, performance at the 20 hottest operating points, and direct comparisons between modules and the same hardware with the rear side temporarily covered. The results show that the monofacial Rhino modules provide a consistent reference baseline and, under the tested rooftop conditions, achieve higher efficiency than the SunPower Maxson. Nova modules exhibit a moderate but systematic gain when operated in bifacial mode, with the bifacial configuration delivering higher efficiency than the covered Nova under identical conditions. The Velvet Pro bifacial module demonstrates consistently the highest efficiency across the investigated temperature range, preserves a significant advantage under the hottest operating points, and exhibits a bifacial gain of the order of 1.5-2 percentage compared with its covered configuration. Overall, the experiments indicate that, for the rooftop configuration examined in this work, bifacial Velvet modules offer the best combined performance in terms of baseline efficiency, temperature behaviour and bifacial benefit, and therefore appear as a particularly suitable option for thermally demanding industrial rooftops.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Experimental performance comparison of different monofacial and bifacial PV modules in outdoor conditions
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252398