The increasing scale and offshore displacement of multi-cluster offshore wind power plants are progressively redefining the technical limits of long-distance transmission systems. While HVAC technology remains widely deployed, long submarine corridors are intrinsically constrained by cable-generated reactive power, voltage regulation limits, and the progressive increase in transmission angle. This work presents a comprehensive steady state modelling and optimisation study of a 432 MW offshore wind power plant inspired by the Hornsea One configuration. Detailed steady-state models of wind turbine generators, HVAC and HVDC cables, transformers with on-load tap changers, shunt devices, and VSC–HVDC converters are embedded within a unified AC and hybrid AC–DC optimal power flow framework implemented in Python using the VeraGrid library. For the baseline HVAC architecture, steady-state feasibility is lost beyond 217 km due to progressive saturation of reactive compensation. Coordinated AC–OPF control, combining shunt dispatch, WTG reactive capability, and tap optimisation, increases exported active power by up to +1.18% (+4.75 MW) at rated operation. Distance scaling reveals a structural frontier at approximately 470 km, beyond which voltage and reactive constraints become simultaneously binding and active power curtailment becomes unavoidable, with delivered power decreasing to 231.8 MW at 600 km. In contrast, the VSC–HVDC configuration exhibits fundamentally different behaviour: reactive phenomena no longer dominate transmission feasibility, and performance degradation is governed primarily by resistive losses. At 600 km, coordinated converter setpoint optimisation recovers approximately 2 MW relative to the non-optimised HVDC case and increases delivered power by more than 140 MW compared to the optimised HVAC configuration. These results demonstrate that offshore transmission limits are governed not merely by infrastructure scaling but by the structural constraint topology of the coupled generation–transmission system. A clear transition thus emerges between a reactive-equilibrium-constrained AC system and a converter-regulated, current-limited AC–DC system.
L’aumento della potenza e della distanza dalla costa dei parchi eolici multi-cluster sta ridefinendo i limiti della trasmissione su lunga distanza. Sebbene la tecnologia HVAC sia ampiamente adottata, i corridoi sottomarini sono intrinsecamente vincolati dalla generazione reattiva dei cavi, dai limiti di regolazione della tensione e dall’aumento dell’angolo di potenza associato alla crescita della reattanza di linea. Il lavoro sviluppa uno studio di modellazione e ottimizzazione in regime stazionario di un parco eolico offshore da 432 MW ispirato a Hornsea One. Modelli dettagliati di turbine eoliche, cavi HVAC e HVDC, trasformatori con regolazione sotto carico, dispositivi di compensazione e convertitori VSC–HVDC sono integrati in un framework unificato di optimal power flow AC e ibrido AC–DC, implementato in Python mediante VeraGrid. Considerando l’architettura HVAC di base, la fattibilità si perde oltre 217 km per saturazione della compensazione reattiva. Il controllo coordinato AC–OPF, tramite regolazione di compensatori, capacità reattiva delle turbine e prese dei trasformatori, incrementa la potenza esportata fino a +1.18% (+4,75 MW) alla massima potenza. L’analisi in funzione della distanza individua una soglia strutturale intorno a 470 km, oltre la quale i vincoli di tensione e reattivi diventano simultaneamente attivi e la riduzione della potenza è inevitabile, con 231.8 MW a 600 km. La configurazione VSC–HVDC mostra invece un comportamento differente: i fenomeni reattivi non dominano più la fattibilità e il degrado è principalmente legato alle perdite ohmiche. A 600 km, l’ottimizzazione dei setpoint dei convertitori recupera circa 2 MW rispetto al caso HVDC non ottimizzato e oltre 140 MW rispetto all’HVAC ottimizzato. I risultati evidenziano che i limiti della trasmissione offshore non dipendono solo dalla scalabilità dell’infrastruttura, ma dalla struttura dei vincoli del sistema generazione–trasmissione, delineando la transizione da un sistema AC dominato dall’equilibrio reattivo ad uno AC–DC regolato dai convertitori e limitato dalla corrente.
Modelling and optimal power flow analysis of offshore wind power plants from HVAC to HVDC transmission
AIROLDI, MATTIA GIACOMO
2024/2025
Abstract
The increasing scale and offshore displacement of multi-cluster offshore wind power plants are progressively redefining the technical limits of long-distance transmission systems. While HVAC technology remains widely deployed, long submarine corridors are intrinsically constrained by cable-generated reactive power, voltage regulation limits, and the progressive increase in transmission angle. This work presents a comprehensive steady state modelling and optimisation study of a 432 MW offshore wind power plant inspired by the Hornsea One configuration. Detailed steady-state models of wind turbine generators, HVAC and HVDC cables, transformers with on-load tap changers, shunt devices, and VSC–HVDC converters are embedded within a unified AC and hybrid AC–DC optimal power flow framework implemented in Python using the VeraGrid library. For the baseline HVAC architecture, steady-state feasibility is lost beyond 217 km due to progressive saturation of reactive compensation. Coordinated AC–OPF control, combining shunt dispatch, WTG reactive capability, and tap optimisation, increases exported active power by up to +1.18% (+4.75 MW) at rated operation. Distance scaling reveals a structural frontier at approximately 470 km, beyond which voltage and reactive constraints become simultaneously binding and active power curtailment becomes unavoidable, with delivered power decreasing to 231.8 MW at 600 km. In contrast, the VSC–HVDC configuration exhibits fundamentally different behaviour: reactive phenomena no longer dominate transmission feasibility, and performance degradation is governed primarily by resistive losses. At 600 km, coordinated converter setpoint optimisation recovers approximately 2 MW relative to the non-optimised HVDC case and increases delivered power by more than 140 MW compared to the optimised HVAC configuration. These results demonstrate that offshore transmission limits are governed not merely by infrastructure scaling but by the structural constraint topology of the coupled generation–transmission system. A clear transition thus emerges between a reactive-equilibrium-constrained AC system and a converter-regulated, current-limited AC–DC system.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252413