Ammonia is widely recognized as a promising hydrogen carrier due to its high hydrogen density and the availability of established production and transportation infrastructures. However, catalytic ammonia decomposition over Ru-based catalysts is strongly limited by the produced hydrogen, which suppresses intrinsic reaction rates and shifts the conversion window toward high operating temperatures, reducing overall process efficiency. The aim of this thesis is twofold: first, to deepen the kinetic understanding of highly active Ru/CeO2 catalysts, a catalytic formulation with increased hydrogen mobility; second, to develop a strategy to mitigate hydrogen inhibition through controlled oxygen co-feeding, assessing its effectiveness across different supports. Ru catalysts supported on CeO₂, MgAl₂O₄, γ-Al₂O₃, and α-Al₂O₃ were prepared and characterized through BET, ICP-MS, and pulses chemisorption techniques. Catalytic tests were performed under varying NH₃ concentration, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), with hydrogen and oxygen co-feeding. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) analyses were employed to investigate the surface state of the catalysts. Results from the first part of the work show that Ru/CeO₂ exhibits two distinct apparent kinetic regimes under oxygen-free conditions. At low temperature, the reaction is limited by nitrogen recombinative desorption, whereas at higher temperature control shifts toward ammonia dehydrogenation steps. The developed kinetic model accurately reproduces the conversion temperature profiles and retains predictive capability at elevated ammonia concentrations, confirming the robustness of the proposed formulation. The adsorbed-species analysis identifies hydrogen as the dominant surface intermediate and the primary source of kinetic inhibition. The second part of the study demonstrates experimentally that controlled oxygen co-feeding allows to remove H* from the catalyst surface and brings a systematic shift of the conversion curves toward lower temperatures. Since hydrogen oxidation on Ru occurs at lower temperature and with faster intrinsic kinetics than ammonia decomposition; hydrogen is consumed more rapidly than it is produced, reducing surface H* accumulation.
L’ammoniaca è ampiamente riconosciuta come un promettente vettore di idrogeno grazie alla sua elevata densità di idrogeno e alla disponibilità di infrastrutture consolidate per la produzione e il trasporto. Tuttavia, la decomposizione catalitica dell’ammoniaca su catalizzatori a base di Ru è fortemente limitata dall’idrogeno prodotto, che sopprime le velocità intrinseche di reazione e sposta la finestra di conversione verso temperature operative più elevate, riducendo l’efficienza complessiva del processo. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è duplice: in primo luogo, approfondire la comprensione cinetica di catalizzatori altamente attivi Ru/CeO₂, una formulazione catalitica caratterizzata da maggiore mobilità dell’idrogeno; in secondo luogo, sviluppare una strategia per mitigare l’inibizione da idrogeno mediante co-alimentazione controllata di ossigeno, valutandone l’efficacia su diversi supporti. Catalizzatori a base di Ru supportati su CeO₂, MgAl₂O₄, γ-Al₂O₃ e α-Al₂O₃ sono stati preparati e caratterizzati mediante BET, ICP-MS e chemisorbimento impulsivo. I test catalitici sono stati condotti variando la concentrazione di NH₃, la gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), e introducendo co-alimentazioni di idrogeno e ossigeno. Analisi di desorbimento a temperatura programmata (TPD) e di riduzione a temperatura programmata (TPR) sono state impiegate per investigare lo stato superficiale dei catalizzatori. I risultati della prima parte del lavoro mostrano che Ru/CeO₂ presenta due distinti regimi cinetici apparenti in assenza di ossigeno. A bassa temperatura, la reazione è limitata dal desorbimento ricombinativo dell’azoto, mentre a temperature più elevate il controllo cinetico si sposta verso gli stadi di deidrogenazione dell’ammoniaca. Il modello cinetico sviluppato riproduce accuratamente i profili conversione–temperatura e mantiene capacità predittiva anche ad alte concentrazioni di ammoniaca, confermando la robustezza della formulazione proposta. L’analisi delle specie adsorbite identifica l’idrogeno come l’intermedio superficiale dominante e la principale fonte di inibizione cinetica. La seconda parte dello studio dimostra sperimentalmente che una co-alimentazione controllata di ossigeno consente di rimuovere H* dalla superficie del catalizzatore e comporta uno spostamento sistematico delle curve di conversione verso temperature inferiori. Poiché l’ossidazione dell’idrogeno su Ru avviene a temperatura più bassa e con cinetiche intrinseche più rapide rispetto alla decomposizione dell’ammoniaca, l’idrogeno viene consumato più rapidamente di quanto venga prodotto, riducendo l’accumulo superficiale di H*.
Unravelling the kinetic limitations of NH3 decomposition over Ru/CeO2 and Ru/Al2O3
Migliorati, Andrea
2024/2025
Abstract
Ammonia is widely recognized as a promising hydrogen carrier due to its high hydrogen density and the availability of established production and transportation infrastructures. However, catalytic ammonia decomposition over Ru-based catalysts is strongly limited by the produced hydrogen, which suppresses intrinsic reaction rates and shifts the conversion window toward high operating temperatures, reducing overall process efficiency. The aim of this thesis is twofold: first, to deepen the kinetic understanding of highly active Ru/CeO2 catalysts, a catalytic formulation with increased hydrogen mobility; second, to develop a strategy to mitigate hydrogen inhibition through controlled oxygen co-feeding, assessing its effectiveness across different supports. Ru catalysts supported on CeO₂, MgAl₂O₄, γ-Al₂O₃, and α-Al₂O₃ were prepared and characterized through BET, ICP-MS, and pulses chemisorption techniques. Catalytic tests were performed under varying NH₃ concentration, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), with hydrogen and oxygen co-feeding. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) analyses were employed to investigate the surface state of the catalysts. Results from the first part of the work show that Ru/CeO₂ exhibits two distinct apparent kinetic regimes under oxygen-free conditions. At low temperature, the reaction is limited by nitrogen recombinative desorption, whereas at higher temperature control shifts toward ammonia dehydrogenation steps. The developed kinetic model accurately reproduces the conversion temperature profiles and retains predictive capability at elevated ammonia concentrations, confirming the robustness of the proposed formulation. The adsorbed-species analysis identifies hydrogen as the dominant surface intermediate and the primary source of kinetic inhibition. The second part of the study demonstrates experimentally that controlled oxygen co-feeding allows to remove H* from the catalyst surface and brings a systematic shift of the conversion curves toward lower temperatures. Since hydrogen oxidation on Ru occurs at lower temperature and with faster intrinsic kinetics than ammonia decomposition; hydrogen is consumed more rapidly than it is produced, reducing surface H* accumulation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026 03 Migliorati Thesis 01.pdf
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2026 03 Migliorati Executive Summary 02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252502