The rapid decarbonization of European power systems is driving a structural shift from synchronous generators to non-synchronous, inverter-based Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). This transition erodes traditional sources of ancillary services (ASs)—such as inertia and frequency control—while creating opportunities for resources like PV, BESS, EVs, and flexible loads to assume these roles. The challenge is aligning market design and control strategies to harness DER capabilities in systems targeting 100% renewable penetration. This thesis develops an integrated framework for optimizing AS provision by DERs. First, it synthesizes European electricity market design, detailing the 2019–2024 reforms, SDAC, SIDC, and balancing platforms (PICASSO, MARI). Second, it proposes a technology-neutral AS taxonomy, extending conventional services to include synthetic inertia, fast frequency response, and dynamic reactive response, systematically mapping them to emerging providers. Third, it critically reviews ~60 recent studies on DER optimization and control. Crucially, the thesis identifies systemic gaps in current literature: the overestimation of DER flexibility due to ignored grid constraints, a "validation paradox" relying on synthetic test systems, overstated battery economics ignoring non-linear degradation, and the under-utilization of green hydrogen as a foundational flexibility pillar. To address these, the thesis proposes actionable design principles, including a "Deliverable Flexibility Index," network-aware AS procurement, and tripartite TSO-DSO-Aggregator contracts. By bridging technical, regulatory, and market perspectives, this work provides a unified roadmap to exploit distributed flexibility while maintaining grid security in fully renewable power systems.
La rapida decarbonizzazione dei sistemi elettrici europei sta guidando una transizione strutturale dai generatori sincroni alle Risorse Energetiche Distribuite (DER) non sincrone basate su inverter. Questa transizione riduce le fonti tradizionali di servizi ancillari (AS)—come l'inerzia e il controllo di frequenza—creando al contempo opportunità affinché risorse come FV, BESS, veicoli elettrici e carichi flessibili assumano questi ruoli. La sfida è allineare il design dei mercati e le strategie di controllo per sfruttare le capacità dei DER in sistemi orientati al 100% di penetrazione rinnovabile. Questa tesi sviluppa un quadro integrato per ottimizzare la fornitura di AS da parte dei DER. In primo luogo, sintetizza il design dei mercati elettrici europei, dettagliando le riforme 2019-2024 e le piattaforme di bilanciamento (PICASSO, MARI). In secondo luogo, propone una tassonomia tecnologicamente neutrale che estende i servizi convenzionali includendo inerzia sintetica e risposta rapida di frequenza, mappandoli sui nuovi fornitori. In terzo luogo, esamina criticamente circa 60 studi recenti sull'ottimizzazione dei DER. Fondamentalmente, la tesi identifica lacune sistemiche nella letteratura attuale: la sovrastima della flessibilità dei DER dovuta all'ignorare i vincoli di rete, un "paradosso di validazione" basato su reti di test sintetiche, un'economia delle batterie sovrastimata che ignora il degrado non lineare, e il sottoutilizzo dell'idrogeno verde. Per affrontare ciò, la tesi propone principi di progettazione attuabili, tra cui un "Indice di Flessibilità Erogabile", un approvvigionamento di AS consapevole della rete e contratti tripartiti TSO-DSO-Aggregatore. Collegando prospettive tecniche, normative e di mercato, questo lavoro fornisce una tabella di marcia unificata per sfruttare la flessibilità distribuita mantenendo la sicurezza della rete.
Optimizing ancillary services provision by distributed energy resources towards 100% renewable electric power systems
HELAL, IBRAHIM REZK IBRAHIM HASSAN
2025/2026
Abstract
The rapid decarbonization of European power systems is driving a structural shift from synchronous generators to non-synchronous, inverter-based Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). This transition erodes traditional sources of ancillary services (ASs)—such as inertia and frequency control—while creating opportunities for resources like PV, BESS, EVs, and flexible loads to assume these roles. The challenge is aligning market design and control strategies to harness DER capabilities in systems targeting 100% renewable penetration. This thesis develops an integrated framework for optimizing AS provision by DERs. First, it synthesizes European electricity market design, detailing the 2019–2024 reforms, SDAC, SIDC, and balancing platforms (PICASSO, MARI). Second, it proposes a technology-neutral AS taxonomy, extending conventional services to include synthetic inertia, fast frequency response, and dynamic reactive response, systematically mapping them to emerging providers. Third, it critically reviews ~60 recent studies on DER optimization and control. Crucially, the thesis identifies systemic gaps in current literature: the overestimation of DER flexibility due to ignored grid constraints, a "validation paradox" relying on synthetic test systems, overstated battery economics ignoring non-linear degradation, and the under-utilization of green hydrogen as a foundational flexibility pillar. To address these, the thesis proposes actionable design principles, including a "Deliverable Flexibility Index," network-aware AS procurement, and tripartite TSO-DSO-Aggregator contracts. By bridging technical, regulatory, and market perspectives, this work provides a unified roadmap to exploit distributed flexibility while maintaining grid security in fully renewable power systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252510