The Local Public Transport (LPT) systems play a crucial role in ensuring accessibility, environmental sustainability, and territorial cohesion. In Italy, however, the sector remains characterized by structural inefficiencies and a limited implementation of competitive tendering procedures, despite a regulatory framework aligned with European principles. Public transport tenders therefore represent not only procurement mechanisms, but potential governance instruments capable of shaping investment decisions, service integration, and technological innovation. This thesis investigates the evolution of Italian LPT tenders through a comparative analysis with major European experiences, with the aim of identifying how future-oriented tender design can support efficiency improvements and sustainable mobility transition. Particular attention is devoted to medium-sized cities, where structural constraints—such as lower demand density, strong reliance on private cars, and limited financial resources—require tailored approaches rather than the replication of metropolitan models. Within this framework, Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is selected as the core focus of the methodological development and real case study. MaaS is considered not merely as a digital platform, but as an enabler and aggregator of multiple technological and operational innovations, including shared mobility, integrated ticketing, real-time information systems, and data interoperability. Its relevance is further strengthened by its potential integration within public tenders: when a service lot is awarded to a single operator, the institutional structure facilitates the development of interconnected services and advanced levels of integration, potentially approaching the fourth stage of MaaS maturity. The objective of the thesis is not to fully implement a MaaS system in the city of Pavia, but to analyse the conditions under which such projects can be realistically developed and sustained in medium-sized urban contexts. Rather than developing a digital platform, the research evaluates how shared mobility services can be structurally integrated into LPT contractual frameworks in medium-sized cities, assessing their operational, financial and environmental performance. To achieve this, a structured four-step methodological framework is proposed: 1) a stated-preference survey to assess citizens’ behavioural predisposition; 2) a territorial and mobility analysis; 3) a European benchmarking process; and 4) a service design and performance evaluation, including economic and environmental impact assessment. By linking regulatory analysis, technological trends, and applied feasibility assessment, the thesis provides an integrated perspective on how tender design can act as a catalyst for innovation. The research ultimately demonstrates that, if strategically conceived, public transport tenders can enable the development of integrated mobility ecosystems in medium-sized cities, fostering multimodality, reducing private car dependency, and supporting sustainable urban transition.
I sistemi di Trasporto Pubblico Locale (TPL) svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nel garantire accessibilità, sostenibilità ambientale e coesione territoriale. In Italia, tuttavia, il settore è ancora caratterizzato da inefficienze strutturali e da un’applicazione limitata delle procedure di gara, nonostante un quadro normativo formalmente allineato ai principi europei. Le gare per il trasporto pubblico rappresentano pertanto non soltanto meccanismi di affidamento del servizio, ma potenziali strumenti di governance in grado di orientare le decisioni di investimento, l’integrazione dei servizi e l’innovazione tecnologica. La presente tesi analizza l’evoluzione delle gare TPL italiane attraverso un confronto con le principali esperienze europee, con l’obiettivo di individuare come una progettazione dei bandi orientata al futuro possa favorire miglioramenti di efficienza e sostenere la transizione verso una mobilità più sostenibile. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alle città di medie dimensioni, dove vincoli strutturali — quali minore densità di domanda, forte dipendenza dall’automobile privata e risorse finanziarie limitate — richiedono approcci calibrati, piuttosto che la mera replicazione dei modelli metropolitani. In questo contesto, il Mobility as a Service (MaaS) è stato scelto come fulcro dello sviluppo metodologico e del caso studio applicativo. Il MaaS viene interpretato non semplicemente come una piattaforma digitale, ma come abilitatore e aggregatore di molteplici innovazioni tecnologiche e operative, tra cui la mobilità condivisa, la bigliettazione integrata, i sistemi informativi in tempo reale e l’interoperabilità dei dati. La sua rilevanza è ulteriormente rafforzata dalla possibilità di integrazione all’interno dei bandi di gara: quando un lotto di servizio viene affidato a un singolo operatore, la struttura istituzionale può facilitare lo sviluppo di servizi interconnessi e livelli avanzati di integrazione, potenzialmente avvicinandosi al quarto stadio di maturità del MaaS. L’obiettivo della tesi non è implementare integralmente un sistema MaaS nella città di Pavia, bensì analizzare le condizioni affinché tali progetti possano essere realisticamente sviluppati e sostenuti in contesti urbani di medie dimensioni. Piuttosto che sviluppare una piattaforma digitale, la ricerca valuta come i servizi di mobilità condivisa possano essere strutturalmente integrati nei contratti di servizio del TPL nelle città di medie dimensioni, analizzandone le performance operative, finanziarie e ambientali. A tal fine, viene proposta una metodologia articolata in quattro fasi: 1) un sondaggio stated-preference per valutare la predisposizione comportamentale dei cittadini; 2) un’analisi territoriale e della mobilità; 3) un benchmarking europeo; e 4) una fase di progettazione del servizio e valutazione delle performance, comprensiva di analisi economica e degli impatti ambientali. Collegando l’analisi regolatoria, le tendenze tecnologiche e la valutazione applicativa di fattibilità, la tesi offre una prospettiva integrata su come la progettazione delle gare possa agire da catalizzatore per l’innovazione. La ricerca dimostra infine che, se concepite in modo strategico, le gare del trasporto pubblico possono abilitare lo sviluppo di ecosistemi di mobilità integrata nelle città di medie dimensioni, favorendo la multimodalità, riducendo la dipendenza dall’auto privata e sostenendo la transizione urbana sostenibile.
Trends of LPT's tenders and MaaS feasibility: case-study in a medium-size city in Italy
BIASSONI, LUCA
2025/2026
Abstract
The Local Public Transport (LPT) systems play a crucial role in ensuring accessibility, environmental sustainability, and territorial cohesion. In Italy, however, the sector remains characterized by structural inefficiencies and a limited implementation of competitive tendering procedures, despite a regulatory framework aligned with European principles. Public transport tenders therefore represent not only procurement mechanisms, but potential governance instruments capable of shaping investment decisions, service integration, and technological innovation. This thesis investigates the evolution of Italian LPT tenders through a comparative analysis with major European experiences, with the aim of identifying how future-oriented tender design can support efficiency improvements and sustainable mobility transition. Particular attention is devoted to medium-sized cities, where structural constraints—such as lower demand density, strong reliance on private cars, and limited financial resources—require tailored approaches rather than the replication of metropolitan models. Within this framework, Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is selected as the core focus of the methodological development and real case study. MaaS is considered not merely as a digital platform, but as an enabler and aggregator of multiple technological and operational innovations, including shared mobility, integrated ticketing, real-time information systems, and data interoperability. Its relevance is further strengthened by its potential integration within public tenders: when a service lot is awarded to a single operator, the institutional structure facilitates the development of interconnected services and advanced levels of integration, potentially approaching the fourth stage of MaaS maturity. The objective of the thesis is not to fully implement a MaaS system in the city of Pavia, but to analyse the conditions under which such projects can be realistically developed and sustained in medium-sized urban contexts. Rather than developing a digital platform, the research evaluates how shared mobility services can be structurally integrated into LPT contractual frameworks in medium-sized cities, assessing their operational, financial and environmental performance. To achieve this, a structured four-step methodological framework is proposed: 1) a stated-preference survey to assess citizens’ behavioural predisposition; 2) a territorial and mobility analysis; 3) a European benchmarking process; and 4) a service design and performance evaluation, including economic and environmental impact assessment. By linking regulatory analysis, technological trends, and applied feasibility assessment, the thesis provides an integrated perspective on how tender design can act as a catalyst for innovation. The research ultimately demonstrates that, if strategically conceived, public transport tenders can enable the development of integrated mobility ecosystems in medium-sized cities, fostering multimodality, reducing private car dependency, and supporting sustainable urban transition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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02032026_Executive_Summary_Biassoni_Luca.pdf
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02032026_Tesi_Biassoni_Luca.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252511