Following the Second World War, France entered a period of rapid reconstruction and economic growth known as Les Trente Glorieuses. To address acute housing shortages, state-regulated Habitations à Loyer Modéré (HLM) agencies promoted the large-scale production of standardized housing estates—the grands ensembles. Initially conceived as instruments of social progress and modernization, these developments were soon criticized for their architectural monotony, weak urban integration, and social isolation they produced. Their decline, from the late 1960s onwards, revealed the limits of industrialized building processes and technocratic urban planning. Within this context, Renée Gailhoustet (1929–2023) emerged as one of the few women architects to establish and lead her own practice in a profession largely dominated by men. Working initially in collaboration with Jean Renaudie in Ivry-sur-Seine—a communist-led suburb south of Paris—she developed an alternative model of collective housing that challenged the functional and aesthetic principles of the grands ensembles. Her architecture proposed an urban fabric grounded in complexity, fluidity, and spatial diversity, redefining the relationship between private dwelling and public space. The ensemble in Ivry-sur-Seine was chosen by the author to illustrate the evolution of Gailhoustet’s architectural approach—from the relatively rigid and orthogonal structure of the first buildings, still informed by Corbusian principles, to the complex oblique geometries of last ones, where form and space unfold with greater autonomy. This progression reveals her departure from the functionalist logic of postwar housing toward an architecture conceived as an emancipatory framework for living. Gailhoustet’s housing design is addressed to the anonymous “Mr. or Ms. X.” where X is an individual. Acknowledging the persistent difficulty of involving future residents in the design of social housing, she emphasized the necessity of resisting reductive, cellular models. Instead, she proposed housing conceived through free relationships between rooms, volumes, and open spaces, ensuring that each inhabitant might discover a spatial framework uniquely suited to them. This thesis focuses on the renovation of Ivry-sur-Seine as a case study through which to examine Gailhoustet’s architectural, political, and gendered contribution to postwar housing culture. By means of a combined historical and spatial analysis, it seeks to understand how this project outbroke dominant design paradigms of those times and articulated an alternative vision of collective living - that remains relevant to contemporary debates on social housing and urban life.
Dopo la Seconda Guerra Mondiale, la Francia entrò in un periodo di rapida ricostruzione e crescita economica noto come Les Trente Glorieuses. Per far fronte alla grave carenza di alloggi, le agenzie statali delle Habitations à Loyer Modéré (HLM) promossero la produzione su larga scala di complessi residenziali standardizzati — i grands ensembles. Inizialmente concepiti come strumenti di progresso sociale e modernizzazione, questi sviluppi furono presto criticati per la loro monotonia architettonica, la debole integrazione urbana e l’isolamento sociale che producevano. Il loro declino, a partire dalla fine degli anni Sessanta, mise in luce i limiti dei processi edilizi industrializzati e della pianificazione urbana tecnocratica. In questo contesto, Renée Gailhoustet (1929–2023) emerse come una delle poche donne architette a fondare e dirigere il proprio studio in una professione largamente dominata dagli uomini. Lavorando inizialmente in collaborazione con Jean Renaudie a Ivry-sur-Seine — un sobborgo a sud di Parigi amministrato da una giunta comunista — sviluppò un modello alternativo di edilizia collettiva che metteva in discussione i principi funzionali ed estetici dei grands ensembles. La sua architettura proponeva un tessuto urbano fondato su complessità, fluidità e diversità spaziale, ridefinendo il rapporto tra abitazione privata e spazio pubblico. Il complesso di Ivry-sur-Seine è stato scelto dall’autore per illustrare l’evoluzione dell’approccio architettonico di Gailhoustet — dalla struttura relativamente rigida e ortogonale dei primi edifici, ancora influenzati dai principi corbusiani, alle complesse geometrie oblique degli ultimi, in cui forma e spazio si sviluppano con maggiore autonomia. Questa progressione rivela il suo distacco dalla logica funzionalista dell’edilizia del dopoguerra verso un’architettura concepita come un quadro emancipatorio dell’abitare. Il progetto abitativo di Gailhoustet si rivolge al “Sig. o Sig.ra X” anonimo, dove X è un individuo. Riconoscendo la persistente difficoltà di coinvolgere i futuri abitanti nella progettazione dell’edilizia sociale, ella sottolineò la necessità di resistere a modelli riduttivi e cellulari. Propose invece abitazioni concepite attraverso relazioni libere tra stanze, volumi e spazi aperti, garantendo che ogni abitante potesse scoprire una configurazione spaziale adatta in modo unico a sé. Questa tesi si concentra sulla riqualificazione di Ivry-sur-Seine come caso di studio attraverso cui esaminare il contributo architettonico, politico e di genere di Gailhoustet alla cultura abitativa del dopoguerra. Attraverso un’analisi combinata storica e spaziale, mira a comprendere come questo progetto abbia superato i paradigmi progettuali dominanti dell’epoca e articolato una visione alternativa dell’abitare collettivo — che rimane rilevante nel dibattito contemporaneo sull’edilizia sociale e la vita urbana.
Renée Gailhoustet: Ivry-sur-Seine as a laboratory for urban dwelling
Trubina, Elizaveta
2024/2025
Abstract
Following the Second World War, France entered a period of rapid reconstruction and economic growth known as Les Trente Glorieuses. To address acute housing shortages, state-regulated Habitations à Loyer Modéré (HLM) agencies promoted the large-scale production of standardized housing estates—the grands ensembles. Initially conceived as instruments of social progress and modernization, these developments were soon criticized for their architectural monotony, weak urban integration, and social isolation they produced. Their decline, from the late 1960s onwards, revealed the limits of industrialized building processes and technocratic urban planning. Within this context, Renée Gailhoustet (1929–2023) emerged as one of the few women architects to establish and lead her own practice in a profession largely dominated by men. Working initially in collaboration with Jean Renaudie in Ivry-sur-Seine—a communist-led suburb south of Paris—she developed an alternative model of collective housing that challenged the functional and aesthetic principles of the grands ensembles. Her architecture proposed an urban fabric grounded in complexity, fluidity, and spatial diversity, redefining the relationship between private dwelling and public space. The ensemble in Ivry-sur-Seine was chosen by the author to illustrate the evolution of Gailhoustet’s architectural approach—from the relatively rigid and orthogonal structure of the first buildings, still informed by Corbusian principles, to the complex oblique geometries of last ones, where form and space unfold with greater autonomy. This progression reveals her departure from the functionalist logic of postwar housing toward an architecture conceived as an emancipatory framework for living. Gailhoustet’s housing design is addressed to the anonymous “Mr. or Ms. X.” where X is an individual. Acknowledging the persistent difficulty of involving future residents in the design of social housing, she emphasized the necessity of resisting reductive, cellular models. Instead, she proposed housing conceived through free relationships between rooms, volumes, and open spaces, ensuring that each inhabitant might discover a spatial framework uniquely suited to them. This thesis focuses on the renovation of Ivry-sur-Seine as a case study through which to examine Gailhoustet’s architectural, political, and gendered contribution to postwar housing culture. By means of a combined historical and spatial analysis, it seeks to understand how this project outbroke dominant design paradigms of those times and articulated an alternative vision of collective living - that remains relevant to contemporary debates on social housing and urban life.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252522