The years 1992-93 marked the most painful period in Georgia’s history, during the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict, rooted in earlier Soviet policies of division, led to war, loss, and Russian occupation. 251,000 people were displaced, thousands killed, and many died during the severe journey. In the absence of adequate housing, many displaced families informally occupied Soviet sanatoriums originally built for health tourism. The most notable case is Tskaltubo, known for its radon thermal waters. For over three decades, sanatoriums and their new inhabitants have faced hardships. Most displaced people were relocated by the government to the outskirts of the city to privatize sanatoriums for tourism. This thesis sets out to document, construct a robust theoretical framework, propose design guidelines to preserve memory and voices of the displaced and transform Soviet-era sanatoriums into homes that foster social inclusion. It employs a mixed-methodology approach, incorporating case studies of Friendship, Railway, Metallurg, and Aia sanatoriums; interviews with displaced people, local residents, and municipal representatives; as well as archival research, and a literature review. It critically examines how these buildings could be transformed to meet the needs of vulnerable groups: displaced former middle-class inhabitants, locals, and others on basic state aid, offering a more inclusive alternative to tourism in a municipality where 37% faces economic fragility. To do this, the thesis is composed of six chapters, starting with an overview of Soviet sanatoriums, comparing them with Western European examples while investigating therapeutic architecture. Subsequently, it draws on theoretical frameworks that guide the context. Later residents’ testimonies from selected case studies illustrate transformation through inhabitation, guiding next chapters moving from the domestic to urban scale. The following discusses how displaced people created home in spaces not meant for living, through communal adaptation. The ensuing chapter addresses the transformation of sanatoriums through collective memory, fostering both unity and division between inhabitants and locals. This allows the thesis to reveal and apply design guidelines and the theoretical framework with their own latent trans-critical position, anticipating our disciplines’ capacity to join the rest of the humanities in bringing fragile voices to the fore.
Gli anni 1992-93 segnarono il periodo più doloroso della storia della Georgia: il conflitto abkhazo-georgiano, radicato nelle precedenti politiche sovietiche di divisione, condusse alla guerra, a ingenti perdite umane e all’occupazione russa. 251.000 persone furono sfollate, migliaia vennero uccise e molte morirono durante il duro viaggio di fuga. In assenza di un’adeguata offerta abitativa, numerose famiglie sfollate occuparono informalmente i sanatori sovietici originariamente costruiti per il turismo sanitario. Il caso più emblematico è Tskaltubo, nota per le sue acque termali al radon. Per oltre tre decenni, i sanatori e i loro nuovi abitanti hanno affrontato condizioni di forte precarietà. Successivamente, gran parte degli sfollati è stata ricollocata dal governo nelle periferie urbane, al fine di privatizzare i sanatori e destinarli nuovamente al turismo. Questa tesi si propone di documentare il fenomeno, costruire un solido quadro teorico, proporre linee guida progettuali capaci di preservare la memoria e le voci degli sfollati e trasformare i sanatori di epoca sovietica in abitazioni in grado di favorire l’inclusione sociale. La ricerca adotta una metodologia mista, che integra studi di caso sui sanatori Friendship, Railway, Metallurg e Aia; interviste con persone sfollate, residenti locali e rappresentanti municipali; ricerca archivistica e revisione della letteratura esistente. Viene inoltre analizzato criticamente come questi edifici possano essere trasformati per rispondere ai bisogni di gruppi vulnerabili - ex appartenenti alla classe media oggi sfollati, popolazione locale e persone dipendenti dal sostegno statale - offrendo un’alternativa più inclusiva rispetto allo sviluppo turistico in un comune in cui il 37% della popolazione vive in condizioni di fragilità economica. A tal fine, la tesi è articolata in sei capitoli, iniziando con una panoramica dei sanatori sovietici, messi a confronto con esempi dell’Europa occidentale e con un’indagine sull’architettura terapeutica. Successivamente, vengono introdotti i quadri teorici che orientano la ricerca. Le testimonianze degli abitanti nei casi studio selezionati illustrano i processi di trasformazione attraverso l’abitare, guidando i capitoli successivi in un passaggio dalla scala domestica a quella urbana. Il lavoro analizza quindi come gli sfollati abbiano costruito un senso di casa in spazi non concepiti per la residenza attraverso pratiche di adattamento collettivo e affronta la trasformazione dei sanatori attraverso la memoria collettiva, evidenziando dinamiche di unione e divisione tra abitanti e popolazione locale. Questo percorso consente alla tesi di elaborare e applicare linee guida progettuali e un quadro teorico dotato di una propria posizione trans-critica latente, anticipando la capacità della disciplina architettonica di affiancarsi alle scienze umane nel portare in primo piano le voci più fragili.
Whispers of home: displacement and collective homemaking in Tskaltubo Soviet sanatoriums
Chkhaidze, Nino
2025/2026
Abstract
The years 1992-93 marked the most painful period in Georgia’s history, during the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict, rooted in earlier Soviet policies of division, led to war, loss, and Russian occupation. 251,000 people were displaced, thousands killed, and many died during the severe journey. In the absence of adequate housing, many displaced families informally occupied Soviet sanatoriums originally built for health tourism. The most notable case is Tskaltubo, known for its radon thermal waters. For over three decades, sanatoriums and their new inhabitants have faced hardships. Most displaced people were relocated by the government to the outskirts of the city to privatize sanatoriums for tourism. This thesis sets out to document, construct a robust theoretical framework, propose design guidelines to preserve memory and voices of the displaced and transform Soviet-era sanatoriums into homes that foster social inclusion. It employs a mixed-methodology approach, incorporating case studies of Friendship, Railway, Metallurg, and Aia sanatoriums; interviews with displaced people, local residents, and municipal representatives; as well as archival research, and a literature review. It critically examines how these buildings could be transformed to meet the needs of vulnerable groups: displaced former middle-class inhabitants, locals, and others on basic state aid, offering a more inclusive alternative to tourism in a municipality where 37% faces economic fragility. To do this, the thesis is composed of six chapters, starting with an overview of Soviet sanatoriums, comparing them with Western European examples while investigating therapeutic architecture. Subsequently, it draws on theoretical frameworks that guide the context. Later residents’ testimonies from selected case studies illustrate transformation through inhabitation, guiding next chapters moving from the domestic to urban scale. The following discusses how displaced people created home in spaces not meant for living, through communal adaptation. The ensuing chapter addresses the transformation of sanatoriums through collective memory, fostering both unity and division between inhabitants and locals. This allows the thesis to reveal and apply design guidelines and the theoretical framework with their own latent trans-critical position, anticipating our disciplines’ capacity to join the rest of the humanities in bringing fragile voices to the fore.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252539