In recent years, environmental pollution has gained increasing global attention. Especially, after the implementation of Agenda 2030 Sustainable Goals, the importance of clean water resources has become a major goal. Despite all efforts made, water is still polluted with persistent and toxic contaminants. Among all contaminants, mercury and per- and poly- fluorinated substances (PFAS) represent a critical concern due to their toxicity, environmental persistence and bioaccumulation potential. The development of sustainable and effective materials for detection and adsorption of these contaminants is necessary. This work focuses on the development and optimization of cellulose-based nanostructured xerogels designed for the simultaneous adsorption and detection of aquatic contaminants. The research was conducted through a collaboration between the Organic Synthesis, Catalysis and Materials Laboratory (OSCM Lab) at Politecnico di Milano and the Sensor Group at the University of Rome “Tor Vergata”. Cellulose nanosponges are composed of functionalized cellulose nanofibers, obtained through TEMPO-mediated oxidation combined with mechanical treatments, and different cross-linkers, capable of enhancing structural stability and integrity of the material. To introduce sensing capability, the nanostructured materials were functionalized with porphyrinic moieties. The incorporation of porphyrins enabled optical monitoring of contaminant uptake through colorimetric variation, allowing real-time visual detection of pollutant saturation. Different functionalization strategies were investigated to optimize both adsorption efficiency and sensing performance. The synthesized materials were characterized through SEM and ICP analyses to evaluate their morphology and functionalization degree. Adsorption tests demonstrated that both functionalized and pristine nanosponges exhibit a significant adsorption capacity toward mercury in aqueous solutions. Building on this evidence, the materials were further considered as potential capping agents for the remediation of contaminated marine sediments, where their ability to immobilize pollutants could be advantageously exploited. Given the large material volumes required for such environmental applications, a preliminary assessment of the scalability of the synthesis process was also undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of up-scaling the production of cellulose-based nanosponges.
Negli ultimi anni, l’inquinamento ambientale ha guadagnato una crescente attenzione globale. In particolare, dopo l’introduzione degli Obiettivi Sostenibili dell’Agenda 2030, l’importanza di pulite risorse idriche è diventata un obiettivo importante. Nonostante tutte le azioni compiute, l’acqua è ancora inquinata da contaminanti persistenti e tossici. Tra tutti gli inquinanti, il mercurio e le sostanze perfluorurate e polifluorurate (PFAS) rappresentano un problema cruciale a causa della loro tossicità, persistenza ambientale e potenziale bioaccumulo. È necessario lo sviluppo di materiali sostenibili ed efficaci per il rilevamento e l'assorbimento di questi contaminanti. Questo lavoro si concentra sullo sviluppo e l'ottimizzazione di aerogel nanostrutturati a base di cellulosa, progettati per l'adsorbimento e il rilevamento contemporaneo di contaminanti acquatici. La ricerca è stata condotta attraverso una collaborazione tra il Organic Synthesis, Catalysis and Materials Laboratory (OSCM Lab) del Politecnico di Milano e il Sensor Group dell'Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”. Le nanospugne di cellulosa sono composte da nanofibre di cellulosa, ottenute tramite TEMPO-ossidazione in combinazione con trattamenti meccanici, e da diversi cross-linkers, in grado di migliorare la stabilità strutturale e l'integrità del materiale. Per introdurre la capacità di rilevamento, i materiali sono stati funzionalizzati con molecole porfiriniche. L'incorporazione di porfirine ha consentito il monitoraggio ottico dell'assorbimento dei contaminanti attraverso la variazione colorimetrica, consentendo il rilevamento visivo in tempo reale della saturazione degli inquinanti. Sono state studiate diverse strategie di funzionalizzazione per ottimizzare sia l'efficienza di adsorbimento sia le prestazioni di rilevamento. I materiali sintetizzati sono stati caratterizzati mediante analisi SEM e ICP per valutarne la morfologia e il grado di funzionalizzazione. I test di adsorbimento hanno dimostrato che sia le nanospugne funzionalizzate sia quelle non funzionalizzate presentano una significativa capacità di adsorbimento nei confronti del mercurio in soluzione acquosa. Sulla base di queste evidenze, i materiali sono stati quindi considerati come potenziali agenti di capping per la bonifica di sedimenti marini contaminati, ambito in cui la loro capacità di immobilizzare gli inquinanti potrebbe essere efficacemente sfruttata. Considerati i grandi quantitativi di materiale richiesti per tali applicazioni ambientali, è stata inoltre condotta una valutazione preliminare della scalabilità del processo di sintesi, al fine di verificare la fattibilità di un aumento di scala nella produzione delle nanospugne a base di cellulosa.
From recognition to remediation: cellulose nanosponges for smart water purification
Del Vitto, Letizia
2024/2025
Abstract
In recent years, environmental pollution has gained increasing global attention. Especially, after the implementation of Agenda 2030 Sustainable Goals, the importance of clean water resources has become a major goal. Despite all efforts made, water is still polluted with persistent and toxic contaminants. Among all contaminants, mercury and per- and poly- fluorinated substances (PFAS) represent a critical concern due to their toxicity, environmental persistence and bioaccumulation potential. The development of sustainable and effective materials for detection and adsorption of these contaminants is necessary. This work focuses on the development and optimization of cellulose-based nanostructured xerogels designed for the simultaneous adsorption and detection of aquatic contaminants. The research was conducted through a collaboration between the Organic Synthesis, Catalysis and Materials Laboratory (OSCM Lab) at Politecnico di Milano and the Sensor Group at the University of Rome “Tor Vergata”. Cellulose nanosponges are composed of functionalized cellulose nanofibers, obtained through TEMPO-mediated oxidation combined with mechanical treatments, and different cross-linkers, capable of enhancing structural stability and integrity of the material. To introduce sensing capability, the nanostructured materials were functionalized with porphyrinic moieties. The incorporation of porphyrins enabled optical monitoring of contaminant uptake through colorimetric variation, allowing real-time visual detection of pollutant saturation. Different functionalization strategies were investigated to optimize both adsorption efficiency and sensing performance. The synthesized materials were characterized through SEM and ICP analyses to evaluate their morphology and functionalization degree. Adsorption tests demonstrated that both functionalized and pristine nanosponges exhibit a significant adsorption capacity toward mercury in aqueous solutions. Building on this evidence, the materials were further considered as potential capping agents for the remediation of contaminated marine sediments, where their ability to immobilize pollutants could be advantageously exploited. Given the large material volumes required for such environmental applications, a preliminary assessment of the scalability of the synthesis process was also undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of up-scaling the production of cellulose-based nanosponges.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_Marzo_DelVitto_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary
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2026_Marzo_DelVitto_Thesis.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo tesi
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4.1 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252640