Passive safety systems operate without active controls. They rely instead on fundamental physical principles such as natural circulation, condensation, and heat transfer. The Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS) adopted in the NuScale and Nuward SMR designs submerges the steel containment vessel in a water pool to remove heat. This thesis investigates the submerged-containment PCCS concept through thermohydraulic simulations using GOTHIC under a severe Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA), when the containment is externally cooled by air and water. The case study corresponds to the new test facility at Becker Technologies GmbH. The model was developed following Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) recommendations. Steam injection, hydrogen injection, pool water injection, and pool temperature were varied to assess their influence on peak pressure, peak temperature, hydrogen concentration, and condensation rate. Initial conditions were 101.325 kPa and 20 °C, with all control volumes filled with air. In the base case, peak pressure reached approximately 1200 kPa due to the competition between steam injection and heat removal by condensation. The peak temperature was 188 °C, corresponding to saturation conditions. Gas and temperature stratification was developed due to buoyancy effects. The containment atmosphere was characterized by an upper hydrogen-rich region, a middle steam-rich condensing region, and a lower air-rich region. The average condensation rate was 0.1105 kg/s (99.45\% of the steam injection rate), with a maximum of 0.1463 kg/s, which represents the cooling capability limits of the system. The parametric study showed that the condensation rate depends primarily on the steam injection rate, while hydrogen had no statistically significant effect due to the stratification. Two characteristic factors were introduced: the characteristic (or peak) time, defined as the time when condensation equals the steam injection, and the volumetric gas-phase energy as an indicator of the cooling capability of the system. Finally, it was determined that the system remains in a safe condition when the volumetric energy do not exceed the limit of 13720 kJ/m^3.
I sistemi di sicurezza passiva operano senza controlli attivi. Si basano invece su principi fisici fondamentali come la circolazione naturale, la condensazione e il trasferimento di calore. Il Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS) adottato nei progetti SMR di NuScale e Nuward prevede l’immersione del vessel di contenimento in acciaio in una piscina d’acqua per la rimozione del calore. La presente tesi analizza il concetto di PCCS a contenimento sommerso mediante simulazioni termo-idrauliche con il codice GOTHIC in condizioni di grave Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA), quando il contenimento è raffreddato esternamente da aria e acqua. Il caso di studio riguarda il nuovo impianto sperimentale di Becker Technologies GmbH. Il modello è stato sviluppato secondo le raccomandazioni della Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). Sono state variate la portata di iniezione di vapore, l’iniezione di idrogeno e le condizioni della piscina per valutarne l’influenza su pressione e temperatura di picco, concentrazione di idrogeno e tasso di condensazione. Le condizioni iniziali erano 101325 kPa e 20 °C, con volumi riempiti d’aria. Nel caso base, la pressione di picco ha raggiunto circa 1200 kPa per la competizione tra iniezione di vapore e rimozione di calore per condensazione; la temperatura massima è stata di 188 °C, corrispondente alla saturazione. Si è sviluppata una marcata stratificazione termo-compositiva: regione superiore ricca di idrogeno, intermedia ricca di vapore in condensazione e inferiore ricca di aria. Il tasso medio di condensazione è risultato pari a 0.1105 kg/s (99.45\% della portata di vapore), con un massimo di 0.1463 kg/s, rappresentativo del limite di raffreddamento. Lo studio parametrico ha mostrato che il tasso di condensazione dipende principalmente dalla portata di vapore, mentre l’idrogeno non presenta un effetto statisticamente significativo. Sono stati introdotti due parametri caratteristici: il tempo caratteristico (quando condensazione e iniezione si eguagliano) e l’energia volumetrica della fase gassosa quale indicatore della capacità di raffreddamento. Il sistema rimane in condizioni sicure finché tale energia non supera 13720 kJ/m^3.
Thermohydraulic performance analysis of the submerged-containment PCCS concept for SMRs under severe LOCA conditions
Treufo Quiroz, Jason Gabriel Ulises
2024/2025
Abstract
Passive safety systems operate without active controls. They rely instead on fundamental physical principles such as natural circulation, condensation, and heat transfer. The Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS) adopted in the NuScale and Nuward SMR designs submerges the steel containment vessel in a water pool to remove heat. This thesis investigates the submerged-containment PCCS concept through thermohydraulic simulations using GOTHIC under a severe Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA), when the containment is externally cooled by air and water. The case study corresponds to the new test facility at Becker Technologies GmbH. The model was developed following Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) recommendations. Steam injection, hydrogen injection, pool water injection, and pool temperature were varied to assess their influence on peak pressure, peak temperature, hydrogen concentration, and condensation rate. Initial conditions were 101.325 kPa and 20 °C, with all control volumes filled with air. In the base case, peak pressure reached approximately 1200 kPa due to the competition between steam injection and heat removal by condensation. The peak temperature was 188 °C, corresponding to saturation conditions. Gas and temperature stratification was developed due to buoyancy effects. The containment atmosphere was characterized by an upper hydrogen-rich region, a middle steam-rich condensing region, and a lower air-rich region. The average condensation rate was 0.1105 kg/s (99.45\% of the steam injection rate), with a maximum of 0.1463 kg/s, which represents the cooling capability limits of the system. The parametric study showed that the condensation rate depends primarily on the steam injection rate, while hydrogen had no statistically significant effect due to the stratification. Two characteristic factors were introduced: the characteristic (or peak) time, defined as the time when condensation equals the steam injection, and the volumetric gas-phase energy as an indicator of the cooling capability of the system. Finally, it was determined that the system remains in a safe condition when the volumetric energy do not exceed the limit of 13720 kJ/m^3.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252692