Hybrid systems combining robotic exoskeletons and Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) have emerged as promising solutions for supporting upper-limb function in individuals with sensorimotor impairments. However, their application has predominantly focused on rehabilitation in supervised clinical settings rather than long-term assistance, primarily targeting proximal joints, while hand-oriented solutions are generally limited to grasp-only support in soft hybrid hand exoskeletons. Moreover, hybrid systems that integrate sensory feedback remain under active development. To address these limitations, the present work aims to develop a hybrid architecture capable of synchronizing the mechanical support of an upper-limb exoskeleton hand joint with FES-induced hand movements. A user-triggered button interface was initially employed to provide controlled modulation of hand opening and closing movements. Preliminary functional tests on able-bodied subjects using the Box and Block Test demonstrated improved performance with the hybrid device compared to the exoskeleton alone, although statistical significance at the inter-subject level was not reached due to the limited sample size. Additional experiments investigated the interaction between concurrent motor and sensory stimulation, evaluating the potential integration of sensory feedback via Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in the hybrid system. Results indicated no consistent interference from FES on TENS-evoked sensations, supporting the viability of combined sensorimotor stimulation. Finally, as a step toward a more intuitive control strategy, an initial development phase was conducted to enable a transition from manual triggering to volitional electromyographic (EMG)-based control of the hybrid system.
I sistemi ibridi che combinano esoscheletri robotici con la stimolazione elettrica funzionale (FES) rappresentano soluzioni promettenti per il supporto della funzionalità degli arti superiori per persone affette da deficit sensorimotori. Tuttavia, il loro impiego si è finora concentrato prevalentemente in ambito riabilitativo, con maggiore attenzione ai segmenti prossimali o alla sola assistenza della presa. Inoltre, i sistemi ibridi che integrano feedback sensoriale sono ancora oggetto di sviluppo. Per superare queste limitazioni, il presente lavoro propone l'implementazione di un’architettura ibrida in grado di sincronizzare il supporto meccanico dell’articolazione della mano di un esoscheletro per arto superiore con i movimenti della mano indotti dalla FES. In una prima fase, è stata implementata un’interfaccia utente basata su pulsanti, finalizzata alla modulazione del livello di apertura e chiusura della mano. Test preliminari condotti su soggetti sani mediante Box and Block Test hanno evidenziato un miglioramento delle performance con l'utilizzo del sistema ibrido, sebbene non sia stata raggiunta una significatività statistica a livello inter-soggetto a causa della dimensione limitata del campione. Ulteriori esperimenti hanno indagato l’interazione tra stimolazione motoria e sensoriale simultanee, valutando la possibile integrazione del feedback sensoriale tramite Stimolazione Elettrica Nervosa Transcutanea (TENS) nel sistema ibrido. I risultati non hanno evidenziato interferenze sistematiche della FES sulle sensazioni evocate dalla TENS, supportando la fattibilità di una stimolazione sensorimotoria combinata. Infine, come passo verso una strategia di controllo più intuitiva, è stata condotta una fase preliminare di sviluppo per consentire la transizione dall’attivazione manuale a un controllo volontario basato su segnali elettromiografici (EMG) del sistema ibrido.
Integration of functional electrical stimulation in an exoskeleton for hand assistance
Zannino, Alessia
2024/2025
Abstract
Hybrid systems combining robotic exoskeletons and Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) have emerged as promising solutions for supporting upper-limb function in individuals with sensorimotor impairments. However, their application has predominantly focused on rehabilitation in supervised clinical settings rather than long-term assistance, primarily targeting proximal joints, while hand-oriented solutions are generally limited to grasp-only support in soft hybrid hand exoskeletons. Moreover, hybrid systems that integrate sensory feedback remain under active development. To address these limitations, the present work aims to develop a hybrid architecture capable of synchronizing the mechanical support of an upper-limb exoskeleton hand joint with FES-induced hand movements. A user-triggered button interface was initially employed to provide controlled modulation of hand opening and closing movements. Preliminary functional tests on able-bodied subjects using the Box and Block Test demonstrated improved performance with the hybrid device compared to the exoskeleton alone, although statistical significance at the inter-subject level was not reached due to the limited sample size. Additional experiments investigated the interaction between concurrent motor and sensory stimulation, evaluating the potential integration of sensory feedback via Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in the hybrid system. Results indicated no consistent interference from FES on TENS-evoked sensations, supporting the viability of combined sensorimotor stimulation. Finally, as a step toward a more intuitive control strategy, an initial development phase was conducted to enable a transition from manual triggering to volitional electromyographic (EMG)-based control of the hybrid system.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Zannino_Tesi.pdf
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2026_03_Zannino_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252695