Vitreous body plays a fundamental role in the biomechanics of the eyeball and in age-related vitreoretinal diseases. Its structure consists predominantly of water and type II collagen fibrils interconnected by bridges mediated by type IX collagen, which ensure the stability and connectivity of the three-dimensional network. With aging, processes of liquefaction and loss of these interconnections lead to a progressive reduction in fibrillar connectivity, promoting the onset of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and the development of pathological vitreoretinal tractions. Several mechanical models have been proposed in the literature to describe vitreous behaviour and its degenerative evolution; however, these approaches predominantly treat the tissue as a continuous viscoelastic medium and do not include an explicit representation of the type II collagen fibrillar network and the inter-fibrillar bonds mediated by type IX collagen. Such limitation prevents directly linking the vitreous microstructure to the mechanical changes associated with degenerative processes. In this work, a three-dimensional microstructural model of the vitreous is developed based on the explicit representation of type II collagen fibrils connected through inter-fibrillar bonds representative of type IX collagen. An algorithm was implemented to generate the fibrillar network, followed by numerical simulations performed using LAMMPS to analyse its mechanical response under uniaxial deformation. Degeneration was introduced phenomenologically through the progressive removal of inter-fibrillar bonds, allowing the investigation of the effect of cross-link reduction on the emergent macroscopic properties. The results show that progressive network degradation leads to a reduction in macroscopic stress at a given strain, particularly pronounced between 0% and 10% degradation. The stress–strain response can be described by a power-law relationship, σ = E(d) εα, with α slightly greater than 1, indicating a weak nonlinearity and thus a modest strain stiffening compared to other collagen fibrillar networks. The effective elastic modulus decreases from approximately 200 kPa in the non-degraded configuration to about 80 kPa in the case of complete degradation. Simulations repeated over multiple independent realizations confirm the statistical robustness of the observed trends. The proposed model establishes a quantitative link between microstructural alterations and variations in the mechanical properties of the vitreous, contributing to the mechanical understanding of vitreous degeneration processes.
Il corpo vitreo svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella biomeccanica del bulbo oculare e nelle patologie vitreoretiniche associate all’invecchiamento. La sua struttura è costituita prevalentemente da acqua e fibrille di collagene di tipo II interconnesse mediante ponti mediati dal collagene di tipo IX, che garantiscono la stabilità e la connettività della rete tridimensionale. Con l’invecchiamento, processi di liquefazione e perdita di tali collegamenti determinano una progressiva riduzione della connettività fibrillare, favorendo l’insorgenza del distacco posteriore del vitreo (PVD) e lo sviluppo di trazioni vitreoretiniche patologiche. In letteratura sono stati proposti diversi modelli macroscopici per descrivere il comportamento meccanico del vitreo e la sua evoluzione degenerativa; tuttavia, tali approcci trattano prevalentemente il tessuto come un mezzo continuo viscoelastico e non includono una rappresentazione esplicita della rete di fibrille di collagene di tipo II e dei legami mediati dal collagene di tipo IX. Tale limitazione impedisce di collegare in modo diretto la microstruttura del vitreo alle modifiche meccaniche legate ai processi degenerativi. A questo proposito, in questo lavoro di Tesi viene sviluppato un modello microstrutturale tridimensionale del vitreo basato sulla rappresentazione esplicita di fibrille di collagene di tipo II connesse tramite legami interfibrillari, rappresentativi del collagene di tipo IX. È stato implementato un algoritmo per la generazione della rete fibrillare e successivamente condotta una simulazione numerica mediante LAMMPS per analizzarne la risposta meccanica sotto deformazione uniassiale. Il degrado è stato introdotto in modo fenomenologico attraverso la rimozione progressiva dei legami interfibrillari, consentendo di studiare l’effetto della riduzione dei cross-link sulle proprietà macroscopiche. I risultati mostrano che il degrado progressivo della rete comporta una diminuzione dello sforzo macroscopico a parità di deformazione, particolarmente marcata tra 0% e 10% di degrado. La risposta sforzo–deformazione può essere descritta mediante una legge di tipo potenza, σ = E(d) ε^α, con α leggermente maggiore di 1, indicando una non linearità attenuata e quindi indicativa di uno strain stiffening modesto rispetto ad altre reti fibrillari di collagene. Il modulo elastico efficace diminuisce da circa 200 kPa in condizioni non degradate fino a circa 80 kPa nel caso di degrado totale. Le simulazioni, ripetute su più realizzazioni indipendenti, confermano la robustezza statistica delle tendenze osservate. Il modello proposto fornisce quindi un collegamento quantitativo tra alterazioni microstrutturali e variazioni delle proprietà meccaniche del vitreo, contribuendo alla comprensione meccanica dei processi di degenerazione vitreale.
Modellazione microscopica delle fibrille di collagene nel vitreo e analisi dell'impatto del degrado sulla risposta meccanica
Albizzati, Pietro
2025/2026
Abstract
Vitreous body plays a fundamental role in the biomechanics of the eyeball and in age-related vitreoretinal diseases. Its structure consists predominantly of water and type II collagen fibrils interconnected by bridges mediated by type IX collagen, which ensure the stability and connectivity of the three-dimensional network. With aging, processes of liquefaction and loss of these interconnections lead to a progressive reduction in fibrillar connectivity, promoting the onset of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and the development of pathological vitreoretinal tractions. Several mechanical models have been proposed in the literature to describe vitreous behaviour and its degenerative evolution; however, these approaches predominantly treat the tissue as a continuous viscoelastic medium and do not include an explicit representation of the type II collagen fibrillar network and the inter-fibrillar bonds mediated by type IX collagen. Such limitation prevents directly linking the vitreous microstructure to the mechanical changes associated with degenerative processes. In this work, a three-dimensional microstructural model of the vitreous is developed based on the explicit representation of type II collagen fibrils connected through inter-fibrillar bonds representative of type IX collagen. An algorithm was implemented to generate the fibrillar network, followed by numerical simulations performed using LAMMPS to analyse its mechanical response under uniaxial deformation. Degeneration was introduced phenomenologically through the progressive removal of inter-fibrillar bonds, allowing the investigation of the effect of cross-link reduction on the emergent macroscopic properties. The results show that progressive network degradation leads to a reduction in macroscopic stress at a given strain, particularly pronounced between 0% and 10% degradation. The stress–strain response can be described by a power-law relationship, σ = E(d) εα, with α slightly greater than 1, indicating a weak nonlinearity and thus a modest strain stiffening compared to other collagen fibrillar networks. The effective elastic modulus decreases from approximately 200 kPa in the non-degraded configuration to about 80 kPa in the case of complete degradation. Simulations repeated over multiple independent realizations confirm the statistical robustness of the observed trends. The proposed model establishes a quantitative link between microstructural alterations and variations in the mechanical properties of the vitreous, contributing to the mechanical understanding of vitreous degeneration processes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252696