Expander-cycle engines play a crucial role in upper-stage propulsion due to their high efficiency, but the strong thermo-fluid coupling inherent to this architecture makes the system modeling particularly challenging. Most system-level approaches focus on fully dynamic engine models, often implemented within proprietary computational environments. Alternatively, quasi-steady approaches are typically applied to design point analyses and are rarely followed by a critical assessment of their validity under off-nominal conditions. This work develops and critically assesses a fully coupled quasi-steady system-level model of a cryogenic expander-cycle engine, treating the quasi-steady assumption as a structural physical hypothesis rather than a numerical simplification. The modeling framework is based on dedicated and modular representations of the main subsystems, including turbomachinery, regenerative cooling jacket, combustion chamber, and fluid network, whose strong thermo-fluid coupling is resolved through iterative closure of global mass, energy, and shaft power balances. The RL10A-3-3A engine is adopted as the reference configuration. At nominal operating condition, the model predicts the reference chamber pressure and total mass flow rate with relative deviations below 1%, validating not only the individual subsystem models, but also the overall coupling strategy and quasi-steady formulation. The framework is then extended to off-design regimes via valve modulation, enabling identification of physically admissible equilibrium states down to 90% of nominal thrust. Throughout the analysis, the resulting operating points are evaluated through embedded diagnostic checks, allowing the definition of feasibility frontiers and the identification of critical regimes associated with choking, pressure ratio limitations, and solution breakdown. The proposed framework establishes a validated quasi-steady modeling platform and explicitly defines its domain of applicability and structural limitations. It further identifies the modeling elements that can be reused in alternative engine architectures and outlines the structural transition required for time-dependent formulations.
I motori a ciclo expander svolgono un ruolo cruciale nella propulsione grazie alla loro elevata efficienza, ma il loro forte accoppiamento termo-fluidodinamico rende la modellazione a livello di sistema particolarmente complessa. La maggior parte degli approcci si concentra su modelli dinamici completi, spesso implementati in software proprietari, mentre gli approcci quasi-stazionari sono generalmente limitati ad analisi al punto di progetto e raramente accompagnati da una valutazione critica della loro validità in condizioni off-design. Nel presente lavoro è stato sviluppato e analizzato in modo critico un modello quasi-stazionario completamente accoppiato a livello di sistema di un motore criogenico a ciclo expander, trattando la quasi-stazionarietà come ipotesi fisica strutturale e non solamente come semplificazione numerica. Il framework adotta una decomposizione modulare dei principali sottosistemi, quali turbomacchine, cooling jacket rigenerativo, camera di combustione e rete idraulica, il cui accoppiamento è risolto mediante la chiusura iterativa dei bilanci globali di massa, energia e potenza d’albero. Il motore RL10A-3-3A viene preso come caso di riferimento. In condizioni nominali il modello predice la pressione in camera e la portata totale con errori inferiori all’1%, validando sia i singoli sottosistemi sia la strategia di accoppiamento adottata. Il framework è stato poi esteso a regimi off-design tramite la modulazione delle valvole, consentendo l’identificazione di stati di equilibrio fisicamente ammissibili fino al 90% della spinta nominale. I punti operativi sono valutati mediante controlli diagnostici integrati, che permettono di delineare i limiti di validità e di individuare i regimi critici associati a choking, limiti di rapporto di pressione e breakdown della soluzione. Il framework costituisce una piattaforma quasi-stazionaria validata, e ne definisce esplicitamente il dominio di applicabilità e le limitazioni strutturali. Inoltre sono individuati gli elementi riutilizzabili in architetture alternative ed è definita una transizione strutturale necessaria per formulazioni dipendenti dal tempo.
Quasi-steady system-level modeling of an expander-cycle rocket engine: nominal validation and off-design analysis
Mensi Weingrill, Edoardo;Sciutto, Giacomo
2024/2025
Abstract
Expander-cycle engines play a crucial role in upper-stage propulsion due to their high efficiency, but the strong thermo-fluid coupling inherent to this architecture makes the system modeling particularly challenging. Most system-level approaches focus on fully dynamic engine models, often implemented within proprietary computational environments. Alternatively, quasi-steady approaches are typically applied to design point analyses and are rarely followed by a critical assessment of their validity under off-nominal conditions. This work develops and critically assesses a fully coupled quasi-steady system-level model of a cryogenic expander-cycle engine, treating the quasi-steady assumption as a structural physical hypothesis rather than a numerical simplification. The modeling framework is based on dedicated and modular representations of the main subsystems, including turbomachinery, regenerative cooling jacket, combustion chamber, and fluid network, whose strong thermo-fluid coupling is resolved through iterative closure of global mass, energy, and shaft power balances. The RL10A-3-3A engine is adopted as the reference configuration. At nominal operating condition, the model predicts the reference chamber pressure and total mass flow rate with relative deviations below 1%, validating not only the individual subsystem models, but also the overall coupling strategy and quasi-steady formulation. The framework is then extended to off-design regimes via valve modulation, enabling identification of physically admissible equilibrium states down to 90% of nominal thrust. Throughout the analysis, the resulting operating points are evaluated through embedded diagnostic checks, allowing the definition of feasibility frontiers and the identification of critical regimes associated with choking, pressure ratio limitations, and solution breakdown. The proposed framework establishes a validated quasi-steady modeling platform and explicitly defines its domain of applicability and structural limitations. It further identifies the modeling elements that can be reused in alternative engine architectures and outlines the structural transition required for time-dependent formulations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_MensiWeingrill_Sciutto_Executive_Summary.pdf
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2026_03_MensiWeingrill_Sciutto_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252721