Satellite gravimetry has become a cornerstone of contemporary hydrological and climate research by enabling the monitoring of Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies (TWSA) at regional to global scales. Satellite missions such as GRACE and GRACE Follow-On have demonstrated the capability of observing large-scale mass redistribution processes, while forthcoming missions aim to further enhance spatial and temporal resolution. The retrieval of TWSA remains challenging on regional scales due to the ill-posed nature of gravity-to-mass conversion, the limited spatial resolution at satellite altitude, noise in the measurements, and a decreased sensitivity to short wavelength signals. In current applications, TWSA are commonly estimated by inverting time-variable gravity fields expressed in spherical harmonics, assuming spherical geometry, global support, and scale-dependent spectral truncation. While effective for large-scale analyses, these assumptions may become limiting for regional studies and for next-generation satellite gravimetry missions. This thesis investigates an alternative regional inversion framework based on a point-mass (PM) parametrization, explicitly accounting for geometry and localization, and systematically compares its performance with the conventional spherical harmonic (SH) approach. The numerical consistency of the full forward-inverse modelling chain is first assessed through noiseless closed-loop experiments, in which prescribed TWSA fields are propagated to satellite altitude and subsequently reconstructed. Two independent forward pathways - a point-mass forward modelling and spherical harmonic synthesis - are employed to verify implementation consistency. In the spherical benchmark configuration, a consistent loop closure is achieved, with sub-millimetre TWSA reconstruction errors and relative mass errors below 1%. When more realistic geometries are considered, systematic geometry-induced effects emerge: ellipsoidal closed-loop experiments reveal relative mass differences of about 2-4% depending on latitude, while the inclusion of surface topography through a DEM-based geometry increases these differences to approximately 3-6%. The validated framework is then applied to realistic gravity simulations representative of the forthcoming MAGIC mission concept. In these simulations, the gravitational signal induced by hydrological mass variations over Europe, derived from ERA5-Land data, is retrieved under different modelling scenarios. The analysis assesses the impact of the maximum spherical harmonic degree and order adopted in the inversion, the altitude at which gravity observations are synthesised, and the inclusion of realistic satellite instrumentation noise on the recoverability of regional TWSA fields. The PM-based regional inversion is performed using weighted least squares with SH-derived prior information, and the reconstructed TWSA fields are systematically compared with the ERA5-Land reference. Overall, this work demonstrates that localized, geometry-consistent inversion strategies provide a robust and flexible framework for regional TWSA estimation, while also highlighting the limitations of global spherical harmonic approaches for high-resolution applications. The results are directly relevant for the interpretation of satellite gravimetry data from current missions and for the methodological development required by future missions such as MAGIC.
La gravimetria satellitare è diventata un pilastro della ricerca idrologica e climatica contemporanea, consentendo il monitoraggio delle Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies(TWSA) su scala regionale e globale. Missioni satellitari come GRACE e GRACE Follow-On hanno dimostrato la capacità di osservare processi di ridistribuzione di massa su larga scala, mentre le missioni future mirano a migliorare ulteriormente la risoluzione spaziale e temporale. Il recupero delle TWSA rimane impegnativo su scala regionale a causa della natura mal posta della conversione gravità-massa, della limitata risoluzione spaziale all'altitudine del satellite, del rumore nelle misurazioni e di una ridotta sensibilità ai segnali a lunghezza d'onda corta. Nelle applicazioni attuali, le TWSA vengono comunemente stimate invertendo i campi gravitazionali variabili nel tempo espressi in armoniche sferiche, assumendo geometria sferica, supporto globale e troncamento spettrale dipendente dalla scala. Sebbene siano efficaci per analisi su larga scala, queste ipotesi potrebbero diventare limitanti per gli studi regionali e per le missioni gravimetriche satellitari di prossima generazione. Questa tesi indaga un framework alternativo di inversione regionale basato su una parametrizzazione point-mass (PM), tenendo conto esplicitamente di geometria e localizzazione, e ne confronta sistematicamente le prestazioni con l'approccio convenzionale armonico sferico (SH). La coerenza numerica dell'intera catena di modellazione forward-inverse viene inizialmente valutata attraverso esperimenti a ciclo chiuso senza rumore, in cui i campi TWSA vengono propagati all'altitudine del satellite e successivamente ricostruiti. Due percorsi forward indipendenti - la modellazione forward point-mass e la sintesi armonica sferica - vengono impiegati per verificare la coerenza dell'implementazione. Nella configurazione di riferimento sferica, si ottiene una chiusura del ciclo quasi perfetta, con errori di ricostruzione TWSA submillimetrici ed errori di massa relativa inferiori all'1%. Quando si considerano geometrie più realistiche, emergono effetti sistematici indotti dalla geometria: gli esperimenti a ciclo chiuso ellissoidali rivelano differenze di massa relativa di circa il 2-4% a seconda della latitudine, mentre l'inclusione della topografia superficiale attraverso una geometria basata su DEM aumenta queste differenze a circa il 3-6%. Il framework convalidato viene successivamente applicato a simulazioni gravitazionali realistiche rappresentative della futura missione MAGIC. In queste simulazioni, il segnale gravitazionale indotto dalle variazioni di massa idrologica sull'Europa, derivato dai dati ERA5-Land, viene recuperato in diversi scenari di modellazione. L'analisi valuta l'impatto del massimo grado e ordine armonico sferico adottato nell'inversione, l'altitudine a cui vengono sintetizzate le osservazioni gravitazionali e l'inclusione del rumore realistico della strumentazione satellitare sulla capacità di recupero del TWSA regionale. L'inversione regionale basata su PM viene eseguita utilizzando minimi quadrati pesati con informazioni a priori derivate da SH, e i campi TWSA ricostruiti vengono sistematicamente confrontati con il riferimento ERA5-Land. Nel complesso, questo lavoro dimostra che strategie di inversione localizzate e geometricamente coerenti forniscono un framework robusto e flessibile per la stima del TWSA regionale, evidenziando al contempo i limiti degli approcci armonici sferici globali per applicazioni ad alta risoluzione. I risultati sono direttamente rilevanti per l'interpretazione dei dati gravimetrici satellitari delle missioni attuali e per lo sviluppo metodologico richiesto dalle missioni future come MAGIC.
Point-mass inversion of satellite gravimetric data for hydrological mass changes applications: a proof of concept for the future NGGM/MAGIC mission
BRACALI, MARTINA
2024/2025
Abstract
Satellite gravimetry has become a cornerstone of contemporary hydrological and climate research by enabling the monitoring of Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies (TWSA) at regional to global scales. Satellite missions such as GRACE and GRACE Follow-On have demonstrated the capability of observing large-scale mass redistribution processes, while forthcoming missions aim to further enhance spatial and temporal resolution. The retrieval of TWSA remains challenging on regional scales due to the ill-posed nature of gravity-to-mass conversion, the limited spatial resolution at satellite altitude, noise in the measurements, and a decreased sensitivity to short wavelength signals. In current applications, TWSA are commonly estimated by inverting time-variable gravity fields expressed in spherical harmonics, assuming spherical geometry, global support, and scale-dependent spectral truncation. While effective for large-scale analyses, these assumptions may become limiting for regional studies and for next-generation satellite gravimetry missions. This thesis investigates an alternative regional inversion framework based on a point-mass (PM) parametrization, explicitly accounting for geometry and localization, and systematically compares its performance with the conventional spherical harmonic (SH) approach. The numerical consistency of the full forward-inverse modelling chain is first assessed through noiseless closed-loop experiments, in which prescribed TWSA fields are propagated to satellite altitude and subsequently reconstructed. Two independent forward pathways - a point-mass forward modelling and spherical harmonic synthesis - are employed to verify implementation consistency. In the spherical benchmark configuration, a consistent loop closure is achieved, with sub-millimetre TWSA reconstruction errors and relative mass errors below 1%. When more realistic geometries are considered, systematic geometry-induced effects emerge: ellipsoidal closed-loop experiments reveal relative mass differences of about 2-4% depending on latitude, while the inclusion of surface topography through a DEM-based geometry increases these differences to approximately 3-6%. The validated framework is then applied to realistic gravity simulations representative of the forthcoming MAGIC mission concept. In these simulations, the gravitational signal induced by hydrological mass variations over Europe, derived from ERA5-Land data, is retrieved under different modelling scenarios. The analysis assesses the impact of the maximum spherical harmonic degree and order adopted in the inversion, the altitude at which gravity observations are synthesised, and the inclusion of realistic satellite instrumentation noise on the recoverability of regional TWSA fields. The PM-based regional inversion is performed using weighted least squares with SH-derived prior information, and the reconstructed TWSA fields are systematically compared with the ERA5-Land reference. Overall, this work demonstrates that localized, geometry-consistent inversion strategies provide a robust and flexible framework for regional TWSA estimation, while also highlighting the limitations of global spherical harmonic approaches for high-resolution applications. The results are directly relevant for the interpretation of satellite gravimetry data from current missions and for the methodological development required by future missions such as MAGIC.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252730