Colored Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) panels are an emerging technology that aims to integrate photovoltaic modules as building materials capable of producing renewable energy. Currently, in this field, there is no standard procedure to identify material color and the existing predictive electric models that consider the module color still too complex to be used by panels manufacturers since they require specific material properties hardly known in industry. This thesis investigates the angular dependency of color and optic-electrical performances of PV module by combining the experimental and modeling approach. The multi-angle spectrophotometer MS3003 by 3nh was used in the experimental campaign, setting D65 illuminant and a 10° observer, different measurements have been compared across different combination of vertical angles (25°, 45°, 110°) and at different instrument rotation: planar angles (0°, 45°, 90°). These measurements have been carried out on single components and on the entire PV stacks both before and after lamination. The color difference have been quantified using ΔECMC(2:1). The Si-cells have shown the maximum color angular instability before lamination reaching ΔECMC(2:1)=34; while post-lamination the maximum difference reached ΔECMC(2:1)=3. Also colored glasses have shown a color stability shift from 0.46<ΔECMC(2:1)<15.77 to 0.94<ΔECMC(2:1)<3.59. The optic-electrical model developed in this thesis is based on the Fresnel equations and on the Beer-Lambert attenuation. Exploiting the transmission spectra of glasses and other industrial accessible information, the model computes the PV module EQE wanted accounting for the optical losses produced by the different materials. Such model has been validated through the SunSolvePower on colored and transparent glass modules. For each scenario the Root Mean Squared (RMS) error is respectively inferior to 2.6% and 3.7%. These results confirmed that the colored glasses significantly influenced the power production. At last an accurate optimization of BIPV must consider the aesthetic characteristics and the power output of the system; both factors strictly dependent on the site of installation.
I pannelli fotovoltaici colorati integrati agli edifici (BIPV) sono una tecnologia emergente che mira ad integrare i moduli fotovoltaici (PV) come materiali edilizi in grado di produrre energia rinnovabile. Attualmente non è presente una procedura di misurazione standard per l’identificazione del colore in questo contesto. I modelli predittivi presenti che considerano il colore e la produzione elettrica sono ancora molto complessi e spesso non utilizzabili da produttori di pannelli PV poiché richiedono proprietà dei materiali difficilmente reperibili. Questa tesi investiga la dipendenza angolare del colore e le prestazioni ottiche-elettriche dei moduli PV unendo un approccio sperimentale con uno modellistico. È stato impiegato lo spettrofotometro multi angolare MS3003 con illuminante D65 e osservatore a 10°. Sono state confrontate misurazioni a diverse combinazioni di angoli verticali (25°, 45°, 110°) e a diverse rotazioni dello strumento, angoli planari (0°, 45°, 90°). Le misurazioni sono state effettuate sui singoli componenti e sull’intero stack dei moduli PV pre e post laminazione. I confronti sono stati quantificati con il ΔECMC(2:1). Le celle di silicio hanno riscontrato una massima instabilità angolare di colore prima della laminazione fino a ΔECMC(2:1)=34; mentre dopo la laminazione si arriva ad un massimo di ΔECMC(2:1)=3. Anche i vetri colorati hanno dimostrato una minore disuniformità di ΔECMC(2:1) dopo la laminazione; passando da un intervallo di 0.46<ΔECMC(2:1)<15.77 ad un 0.94<ΔECMC(2:1)<3.59. Il modello ottico elettrico sviluppato in questa tesi si basa sulle equazioni di Fresnell e le attenuazioni di Beer-Lambert. Partendo dagli spettri di trasmissione dei vetri, il modello, calcola la EQE del modulo fotovoltaico desiderato considerando le perdite ottiche dovute ai diversi materiali. Il modello è stato validato tramite SunSolvePower. L’errore quadratico medio (RMS) su vetri colorati è inferiore a 2.6% ed inferiore a 3.7% con vetri trasparenti. Infine, una ottimizzazione accurata deve tener conto delle caratteristiche estetiche e della produzione di potenza, entrambi fattori strettamente dipendenti dal luogo di installazione dei BIPV colorati.
BIPV color measurements and simulation of colored glass effects on power production
Bitti, Andrea
2024/2025
Abstract
Colored Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) panels are an emerging technology that aims to integrate photovoltaic modules as building materials capable of producing renewable energy. Currently, in this field, there is no standard procedure to identify material color and the existing predictive electric models that consider the module color still too complex to be used by panels manufacturers since they require specific material properties hardly known in industry. This thesis investigates the angular dependency of color and optic-electrical performances of PV module by combining the experimental and modeling approach. The multi-angle spectrophotometer MS3003 by 3nh was used in the experimental campaign, setting D65 illuminant and a 10° observer, different measurements have been compared across different combination of vertical angles (25°, 45°, 110°) and at different instrument rotation: planar angles (0°, 45°, 90°). These measurements have been carried out on single components and on the entire PV stacks both before and after lamination. The color difference have been quantified using ΔECMC(2:1). The Si-cells have shown the maximum color angular instability before lamination reaching ΔECMC(2:1)=34; while post-lamination the maximum difference reached ΔECMC(2:1)=3. Also colored glasses have shown a color stability shift from 0.46<ΔECMC(2:1)<15.77 to 0.94<ΔECMC(2:1)<3.59. The optic-electrical model developed in this thesis is based on the Fresnel equations and on the Beer-Lambert attenuation. Exploiting the transmission spectra of glasses and other industrial accessible information, the model computes the PV module EQE wanted accounting for the optical losses produced by the different materials. Such model has been validated through the SunSolvePower on colored and transparent glass modules. For each scenario the Root Mean Squared (RMS) error is respectively inferior to 2.6% and 3.7%. These results confirmed that the colored glasses significantly influenced the power production. At last an accurate optimization of BIPV must consider the aesthetic characteristics and the power output of the system; both factors strictly dependent on the site of installation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252762